first commit

2018-03-09 09:47:53 +01:00 · 2018-03-09 09:47:53 +01:00 · 937f18667d
commit 937f18667d
88 changed files with 4774 additions and 0 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+cmake-build-debug
+xcode_projects
--- a/.idea/C_CPP.iml
+++ b/.idea/C_CPP.iml
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<module classpath="CMake" type="CPP_MODULE" version="4" />
--- a/.idea/codeStyles/Project.xml
+++ b/.idea/codeStyles/Project.xml
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<component name="ProjectCodeStyleConfiguration">
+  <code_scheme name="Project" version="173">
+    <Objective-C-extensions>
+      <file>
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Import" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Macro" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Typedef" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Enum" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Constant" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Global" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Struct" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="FunctionPredecl" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Function" />
+      </file>
+      <class>
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Property" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="Synthesize" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="InitMethod" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="StaticMethod" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="InstanceMethod" />
+        <option name="com.jetbrains.cidr.lang.util.OCDeclarationKind" value="DeallocMethod" />
+      </class>
+      <extensions>
+        <pair source="cpp" header="h" fileNamingConvention="NONE" />
+        <pair source="c" header="h" fileNamingConvention="NONE" />
+      </extensions>
+    </Objective-C-extensions>
+  </code_scheme>
+</component>
--- a/.idea/misc.xml
+++ b/.idea/misc.xml
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="CMakeWorkspace" PROJECT_DIR="$PROJECT_DIR$" />
+</project>
--- a/.idea/modules.xml
+++ b/.idea/modules.xml
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="ProjectModuleManager">
+    <modules>
+      <module fileurl="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/C_CPP.iml" filepath="$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/C_CPP.iml" />
+    </modules>
+  </component>
+</project>
--- a/.idea/vcs.xml
+++ b/.idea/vcs.xml
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="VcsDirectoryMappings">
+    <mapping directory="$PROJECT_DIR$" vcs="Git" />
+  </component>
+</project>
--- a/01_ENV/build.sh
+++ b/01_ENV/build.sh
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# generate main.s, main.o, b.out
+pcc -O0 -S main.c
+as -o main.o main.s
+#ld -o b.out main.o /lib/crt0.o /lib/crti.o  -lc
+pcc -o b.out main.o
+
+# generate a.out
+pcc -O0 -g main.c
+
+# generate assembly intermixed with source code
+objdump -S a.out > objdump-S_a.out.txt
+
--- a/01_ENV/clean.sh
+++ b/01_ENV/clean.sh
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+rm *.o *.s *.out
+
--- a/01_ENV/main.c
+++ b/01_ENV/main.c
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int global = 8150;
+
+
+int sum(int,int);
+
+int sum(int a, int b){
+  int result = 451;
+  result = a + b;
+  return result;
+}
+ 
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  int local=4711;
+  printf("Hello, world!\nglobal=%d local=%d\n", global, local);
+  local = sum(global, local);
+  return local;
+}
--- a/01_ENV/main.s
+++ b/01_ENV/main.s
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+	.data
+	.align 4
+	.globl global
+	.type global,@object
+	.size global,4
+global:
+	.long 8150
+	.text
+	.align 4
+	.globl sum
+	.type sum,@function
+sum:
+	enter $8,$0
+.L461:
+.L465:
+	movl $451,-4(%ebp)
+	movl 8(%ebp),%eax
+	addl 12(%ebp),%eax
+	movl %eax,-4(%ebp)
+	movl -4(%ebp),%eax
+	movl %eax,-8(%ebp)
+	jmp .L463
+.L463:
+	movl -8(%ebp),%eax
+	leave
+	ret
+	.size sum,.-sum
+	.align 4
+	.globl main
+	.type main,@function
+main:
+	enter $8,$0
+.L469:
+.L473:
+	movl $4711,-4(%ebp)
+	pushl -4(%ebp)
+	pushl global
+	pushl $.L475
+	call printf
+	addl $12, %esp
+	pushl -4(%ebp)
+	pushl global
+	call sum
+	addl $8, %esp
+	movl %eax,-4(%ebp)
+	movl -4(%ebp),%eax
+	movl %eax,-8(%ebp)
+	jmp .L471
+.L471:
+	movl -8(%ebp),%eax
+	leave
+	ret
+	.size main,.-main
+	.section .rodata
+	.size .L475,34
+.L475:
+	.ascii "Hello, world!\012global=%d local=%d\012\0"
+	.ident "PCC: Portable C Compiler 1.2.0.DEVEL 20160115 for i686-pc-linux-gnu"
--- a/01_ENV/main_plain.c
+++ b/01_ENV/main_plain.c
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int global = 8150;
+
+int sum(int a, int b){
+  int result = 451;
+  result = a + b;
+  return result;
+}
+ 
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  int local=4711;
+  printf("Hello, world!\nglobal=%d local=%d\n", global, local);
+  local = sum(global, local);
+  return local;
+}
+
--- a/01_ENV/objdump-S_a.out.txt
+++ b/01_ENV/objdump-S_a.out.txt
@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+
+a.out:     file format elf32-i386
+
+
+Disassembly of section .init:
+
+08048278 <_init>:
+ 8048278:	53                   	push   %ebx
+ 8048279:	83 ec 08             	sub    $0x8,%esp
+ 804827c:	e8 8f 00 00 00       	call   8048310 <__x86.get_pc_thunk.bx>
+ 8048281:	81 c3 7f 1d 00 00    	add    $0x1d7f,%ebx
+ 8048287:	8b 83 fc ff ff ff    	mov    -0x4(%ebx),%eax
+ 804828d:	85 c0                	test   %eax,%eax
+ 804828f:	74 05                	je     8048296 <_init+0x1e>
+ 8048291:	e8 2a 00 00 00       	call   80482c0 <__gmon_start__@plt>
+ 8048296:	e8 45 01 00 00       	call   80483e0 <__do_global_ctors_aux>
+ 804829b:	83 c4 08             	add    $0x8,%esp
+ 804829e:	5b                   	pop    %ebx
+ 804829f:	c3                   	ret    
+
+Disassembly of section .plt:
+
+080482a0 <printf@plt-0x10>:
+ 80482a0:	ff 35 04 a0 04 08    	pushl  0x804a004
+ 80482a6:	ff 25 08 a0 04 08    	jmp    *0x804a008
+ 80482ac:	00 00                	add    %al,(%eax)
+	...
+
+080482b0 <printf@plt>:
+ 80482b0:	ff 25 0c a0 04 08    	jmp    *0x804a00c
+ 80482b6:	68 00 00 00 00       	push   $0x0
+ 80482bb:	e9 e0 ff ff ff       	jmp    80482a0 <_init+0x28>
+
+080482c0 <__gmon_start__@plt>:
+ 80482c0:	ff 25 10 a0 04 08    	jmp    *0x804a010
+ 80482c6:	68 08 00 00 00       	push   $0x8
+ 80482cb:	e9 d0 ff ff ff       	jmp    80482a0 <_init+0x28>
+
+080482d0 <__libc_start_main@plt>:
+ 80482d0:	ff 25 14 a0 04 08    	jmp    *0x804a014
+ 80482d6:	68 10 00 00 00       	push   $0x10
+ 80482db:	e9 c0 ff ff ff       	jmp    80482a0 <_init+0x28>
+
+Disassembly of section .text:
+
+080482e0 <_start>:
+ 80482e0:	31 ed                	xor    %ebp,%ebp
+ 80482e2:	5e                   	pop    %esi
+ 80482e3:	89 e1                	mov    %esp,%ecx
+ 80482e5:	83 e4 f0             	and    $0xfffffff0,%esp
+ 80482e8:	50                   	push   %eax
+ 80482e9:	54                   	push   %esp
+ 80482ea:	52                   	push   %edx
+ 80482eb:	68 30 85 04 08       	push   $0x8048530
+ 80482f0:	68 d0 84 04 08       	push   $0x80484d0
+ 80482f5:	51                   	push   %ecx
+ 80482f6:	56                   	push   %esi
+ 80482f7:	68 8c 84 04 08       	push   $0x804848c
+ 80482fc:	e8 cf ff ff ff       	call   80482d0 <__libc_start_main@plt>
+ 8048301:	f4                   	hlt    
+ 8048302:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 8048304:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 8048306:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 8048308:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 804830a:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 804830c:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 804830e:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+
+08048310 <__x86.get_pc_thunk.bx>:
+ 8048310:	8b 1c 24             	mov    (%esp),%ebx
+ 8048313:	c3                   	ret    
+ 8048314:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 8048316:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 8048318:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 804831a:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 804831c:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 804831e:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+
+08048320 <__ctors>:
+ 8048320:	e8 34 01 00 00       	call   8048459 <__x86.get_pc_thunk.ax>
+ 8048325:	05 db 1c 00 00       	add    $0x1cdb,%eax
+ 804832a:	56                   	push   %esi
+ 804832b:	53                   	push   %ebx
+ 804832c:	8d 64 24 fc          	lea    -0x4(%esp),%esp
+ 8048330:	8d 88 24 ff ff ff    	lea    -0xdc(%eax),%ecx
+ 8048336:	8b 11                	mov    (%ecx),%edx
+ 8048338:	83 fa ff             	cmp    $0xffffffff,%edx
+ 804833b:	74 2b                	je     8048368 <__ctors+0x48>
+ 804833d:	8d 5a ff             	lea    -0x1(%edx),%ebx
+ 8048340:	8d 34 91             	lea    (%ecx,%edx,4),%esi
+ 8048343:	8d 04 9d 00 00 00 00 	lea    0x0(,%ebx,4),%eax
+ 804834a:	29 c6                	sub    %eax,%esi
+ 804834c:	85 d2                	test   %edx,%edx
+ 804834e:	74 0a                	je     804835a <__ctors+0x3a>
+ 8048350:	ff 14 9e             	call   *(%esi,%ebx,4)
+ 8048353:	85 db                	test   %ebx,%ebx
+ 8048355:	8d 5b ff             	lea    -0x1(%ebx),%ebx
+ 8048358:	75 f6                	jne    8048350 <__ctors+0x30>
+ 804835a:	8d 64 24 04          	lea    0x4(%esp),%esp
+ 804835e:	5b                   	pop    %ebx
+ 804835f:	5e                   	pop    %esi
+ 8048360:	c3                   	ret    
+ 8048361:	8d b4 26 00 00 00 00 	lea    0x0(%esi,%eiz,1),%esi
+ 8048368:	8b 71 04             	mov    0x4(%ecx),%esi
+ 804836b:	85 f6                	test   %esi,%esi
+ 804836d:	74 eb                	je     804835a <__ctors+0x3a>
+ 804836f:	ba 01 00 00 00       	mov    $0x1,%edx
+ 8048374:	eb 04                	jmp    804837a <__ctors+0x5a>
+ 8048376:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 8048378:	89 c2                	mov    %eax,%edx
+ 804837a:	8d 42 01             	lea    0x1(%edx),%eax
+ 804837d:	8b 1c 81             	mov    (%ecx,%eax,4),%ebx
+ 8048380:	85 db                	test   %ebx,%ebx
+ 8048382:	75 f4                	jne    8048378 <__ctors+0x58>
+ 8048384:	eb b7                	jmp    804833d <__ctors+0x1d>
+ 8048386:	8d 76 00             	lea    0x0(%esi),%esi
+ 8048389:	8d bc 27 00 00 00 00 	lea    0x0(%edi,%eiz,1),%edi
+
+08048390 <__dtors>:
+ 8048390:	e8 c4 00 00 00       	call   8048459 <__x86.get_pc_thunk.ax>
+ 8048395:	05 6b 1c 00 00       	add    $0x1c6b,%eax
+ 804839a:	53                   	push   %ebx
+ 804839b:	8d 64 24 f8          	lea    -0x8(%esp),%esp
+ 804839f:	8d 90 2c ff ff ff    	lea    -0xd4(%eax),%edx
+ 80483a5:	89 d3                	mov    %edx,%ebx
+ 80483a7:	83 c3 04             	add    $0x4,%ebx
+ 80483aa:	8b 42 04             	mov    0x4(%edx),%eax
+ 80483ad:	85 c0                	test   %eax,%eax
+ 80483af:	74 1a                	je     80483cb <__dtors+0x3b>
+ 80483b1:	eb 0d                	jmp    80483c0 <__dtors+0x30>
+ 80483b3:	90                   	nop
+ 80483b4:	90                   	nop
+ 80483b5:	90                   	nop
+ 80483b6:	90                   	nop
+ 80483b7:	90                   	nop
+ 80483b8:	90                   	nop
+ 80483b9:	90                   	nop
+ 80483ba:	90                   	nop
+ 80483bb:	90                   	nop
+ 80483bc:	90                   	nop
+ 80483bd:	90                   	nop
+ 80483be:	90                   	nop
+ 80483bf:	90                   	nop
+ 80483c0:	8d 5b 04             	lea    0x4(%ebx),%ebx
+ 80483c3:	ff d0                	call   *%eax
+ 80483c5:	8b 03                	mov    (%ebx),%eax
+ 80483c7:	85 c0                	test   %eax,%eax
+ 80483c9:	75 f5                	jne    80483c0 <__dtors+0x30>
+ 80483cb:	8d 64 24 08          	lea    0x8(%esp),%esp
+ 80483cf:	5b                   	pop    %ebx
+ 80483d0:	c3                   	ret    
+ 80483d1:	eb 0d                	jmp    80483e0 <__do_global_ctors_aux>
+ 80483d3:	90                   	nop
+ 80483d4:	90                   	nop
+ 80483d5:	90                   	nop
+ 80483d6:	90                   	nop
+ 80483d7:	90                   	nop
+ 80483d8:	90                   	nop
+ 80483d9:	90                   	nop
+ 80483da:	90                   	nop
+ 80483db:	90                   	nop
+ 80483dc:	90                   	nop
+ 80483dd:	90                   	nop
+ 80483de:	90                   	nop
+ 80483df:	90                   	nop
+
+080483e0 <__do_global_ctors_aux>:
+ 80483e0:	e8 74 00 00 00       	call   8048459 <__x86.get_pc_thunk.ax>
+ 80483e5:	05 1b 1c 00 00       	add    $0x1c1b,%eax
+ 80483ea:	8b 90 24 00 00 00    	mov    0x24(%eax),%edx
+ 80483f0:	85 d2                	test   %edx,%edx
+ 80483f2:	74 04                	je     80483f8 <__do_global_ctors_aux+0x18>
+ 80483f4:	c3                   	ret    
+ 80483f5:	8d 76 00             	lea    0x0(%esi),%esi
+ 80483f8:	c7 80 24 00 00 00 01 	movl   $0x1,0x24(%eax)
+ 80483ff:	00 00 00 
+ 8048402:	e9 19 ff ff ff       	jmp    8048320 <__ctors>
+ 8048407:	89 f6                	mov    %esi,%esi
+ 8048409:	8d bc 27 00 00 00 00 	lea    0x0(%edi,%eiz,1),%edi
+
+08048410 <__do_global_dtors_aux>:
+ 8048410:	53                   	push   %ebx
+ 8048411:	e8 fa fe ff ff       	call   8048310 <__x86.get_pc_thunk.bx>
+ 8048416:	81 c3 ea 1b 00 00    	add    $0x1bea,%ebx
+ 804841c:	8d 64 24 f8          	lea    -0x8(%esp),%esp
+ 8048420:	8b 83 20 00 00 00    	mov    0x20(%ebx),%eax
+ 8048426:	85 c0                	test   %eax,%eax
+ 8048428:	75 0f                	jne    8048439 <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x29>
+ 804842a:	e8 61 ff ff ff       	call   8048390 <__dtors>
+ 804842f:	c7 83 20 00 00 00 01 	movl   $0x1,0x20(%ebx)
+ 8048436:	00 00 00 
+ 8048439:	8d 64 24 08          	lea    0x8(%esp),%esp
+ 804843d:	5b                   	pop    %ebx
+ 804843e:	c3                   	ret    
+ 804843f:	90                   	nop
+
+08048440 <__call___do_global_ctors_aux>:
+ 8048440:	8d 64 24 f4          	lea    -0xc(%esp),%esp
+ 8048444:	8d 64 24 0c          	lea    0xc(%esp),%esp
+ 8048448:	c3                   	ret    
+ 8048449:	8d b4 26 00 00 00 00 	lea    0x0(%esi,%eiz,1),%esi
+
+08048450 <__call___do_global_dtors_aux>:
+ 8048450:	8d 64 24 f4          	lea    -0xc(%esp),%esp
+ 8048454:	8d 64 24 0c          	lea    0xc(%esp),%esp
+ 8048458:	c3                   	ret    
+
+08048459 <__x86.get_pc_thunk.ax>:
+ 8048459:	90                   	nop
+ 804845a:	90                   	nop
+ 804845b:	90                   	nop
+ 804845c:	90                   	nop
+ 804845d:	90                   	nop
+ 804845e:	90                   	nop
+ 804845f:	90                   	nop
+ 8048460:	90                   	nop
+ 8048461:	8b 04 24             	mov    (%esp),%eax
+ 8048464:	c3                   	ret    
+ 8048465:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+ 8048467:	90                   	nop
+
+08048468 <sum>:
+int global = 8150;
+
+
+int sum(int,int);
+
+int sum(int a, int b){
+ 8048468:	c8 08 00 00          	enter  $0x8,$0x0
+  int result = 451;
+ 804846c:	c7 45 fc c3 01 00 00 	movl   $0x1c3,-0x4(%ebp)
+  result = a + b;
+ 8048473:	8b 45 08             	mov    0x8(%ebp),%eax
+ 8048476:	03 45 0c             	add    0xc(%ebp),%eax
+ 8048479:	89 45 fc             	mov    %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
+  return result;
+ 804847c:	8b 45 fc             	mov    -0x4(%ebp),%eax
+ 804847f:	89 45 f8             	mov    %eax,-0x8(%ebp)
+ 8048482:	eb 00                	jmp    8048484 <sum+0x1c>
+}
+ 8048484:	8b 45 f8             	mov    -0x8(%ebp),%eax
+ 8048487:	c9                   	leave  
+ 8048488:	c3                   	ret    
+ 8048489:	8d 76 00             	lea    0x0(%esi),%esi
+
+0804848c <main>:
+ 
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+ 804848c:	c8 08 00 00          	enter  $0x8,$0x0
+  int local=4711;
+ 8048490:	c7 45 fc 67 12 00 00 	movl   $0x1267,-0x4(%ebp)
+  printf("Hello, world!\nglobal=%d local=%d\n", global, local);
+ 8048497:	ff 75 fc             	pushl  -0x4(%ebp)
+ 804849a:	ff 35 1c a0 04 08    	pushl  0x804a01c
+ 80484a0:	68 58 85 04 08       	push   $0x8048558
+ 80484a5:	e8 06 fe ff ff       	call   80482b0 <printf@plt>
+ 80484aa:	83 c4 0c             	add    $0xc,%esp
+  local = sum(global, local);
+ 80484ad:	ff 75 fc             	pushl  -0x4(%ebp)
+ 80484b0:	ff 35 1c a0 04 08    	pushl  0x804a01c
+ 80484b6:	e8 ad ff ff ff       	call   8048468 <sum>
+ 80484bb:	83 c4 08             	add    $0x8,%esp
+ 80484be:	89 45 fc             	mov    %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
+  return local;
+ 80484c1:	8b 45 fc             	mov    -0x4(%ebp),%eax
+ 80484c4:	89 45 f8             	mov    %eax,-0x8(%ebp)
+ 80484c7:	eb 00                	jmp    80484c9 <main+0x3d>
+}
+ 80484c9:	8b 45 f8             	mov    -0x8(%ebp),%eax
+ 80484cc:	c9                   	leave  
+ 80484cd:	c3                   	ret    
+ 80484ce:	66 90                	xchg   %ax,%ax
+
+080484d0 <__libc_csu_init>:
+ 80484d0:	55                   	push   %ebp
+ 80484d1:	57                   	push   %edi
+ 80484d2:	56                   	push   %esi
+ 80484d3:	53                   	push   %ebx
+ 80484d4:	e8 37 fe ff ff       	call   8048310 <__x86.get_pc_thunk.bx>
+ 80484d9:	81 c3 27 1b 00 00    	add    $0x1b27,%ebx
+ 80484df:	83 ec 0c             	sub    $0xc,%esp
+ 80484e2:	8b 6c 24 20          	mov    0x20(%esp),%ebp
+ 80484e6:	8d b3 24 ff ff ff    	lea    -0xdc(%ebx),%esi
+ 80484ec:	e8 87 fd ff ff       	call   8048278 <_init>
+ 80484f1:	8d 83 24 ff ff ff    	lea    -0xdc(%ebx),%eax
+ 80484f7:	29 c6                	sub    %eax,%esi
+ 80484f9:	c1 fe 02             	sar    $0x2,%esi
+ 80484fc:	85 f6                	test   %esi,%esi
+ 80484fe:	74 25                	je     8048525 <__libc_csu_init+0x55>
+ 8048500:	31 ff                	xor    %edi,%edi
+ 8048502:	8d b6 00 00 00 00    	lea    0x0(%esi),%esi
+ 8048508:	83 ec 04             	sub    $0x4,%esp
+ 804850b:	ff 74 24 2c          	pushl  0x2c(%esp)
+ 804850f:	ff 74 24 2c          	pushl  0x2c(%esp)
+ 8048513:	55                   	push   %ebp
+ 8048514:	ff 94 bb 24 ff ff ff 	call   *-0xdc(%ebx,%edi,4)
+ 804851b:	83 c7 01             	add    $0x1,%edi
+ 804851e:	83 c4 10             	add    $0x10,%esp
+ 8048521:	39 f7                	cmp    %esi,%edi
+ 8048523:	75 e3                	jne    8048508 <__libc_csu_init+0x38>
+ 8048525:	83 c4 0c             	add    $0xc,%esp
+ 8048528:	5b                   	pop    %ebx
+ 8048529:	5e                   	pop    %esi
+ 804852a:	5f                   	pop    %edi
+ 804852b:	5d                   	pop    %ebp
+ 804852c:	c3                   	ret    
+ 804852d:	8d 76 00             	lea    0x0(%esi),%esi
+
+08048530 <__libc_csu_fini>:
+ 8048530:	f3 c3                	repz ret 
+
+Disassembly of section .fini:
+
+08048534 <_fini>:
+ 8048534:	53                   	push   %ebx
+ 8048535:	83 ec 08             	sub    $0x8,%esp
+ 8048538:	e8 d3 fd ff ff       	call   8048310 <__x86.get_pc_thunk.bx>
+ 804853d:	81 c3 c3 1a 00 00    	add    $0x1ac3,%ebx
+ 8048543:	e8 c8 fe ff ff       	call   8048410 <__do_global_dtors_aux>
+ 8048548:	83 c4 08             	add    $0x8,%esp
+ 804854b:	5b                   	pop    %ebx
+ 804854c:	c3                   	ret    
--- a/02_MENT/build.sh
+++ b/02_MENT/build.sh
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+clang++ -std=c++14 -I../helpers/  -o limits.out limits_println.cpp 
+clang++ -std=c++14 -I../helpers/  -o println.out printlnDemo.cpp 
--- a/02_MENT/limits.cpp
+++ b/02_MENT/limits.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include <limits>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main()
+{
+  std::cout << "type\tsizeof\tlowest\t\thighest\n";
+  std::cout << "float\t" << sizeof(float) << '\t'
+            << std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest() << '\t'
+            << std::numeric_limits<float>::max() << '\n';
+  std::cout << "double\t" << sizeof(double) << '\t'
+            << std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest() << '\t'
+            << std::numeric_limits<double>::max() << '\n';
+  std::cout << "int\t" << sizeof(int) << '\t'
+            << std::numeric_limits<int>::lowest() << '\t'
+            << std::numeric_limits<int>::max() << '\n';
+  std::cout << "long\t" << sizeof(long) << '\t'
+            << std::numeric_limits<long>::lowest() << '\t'
+            << std::numeric_limits<long>::max() << '\n';
+}
+
--- a/02_MENT/limits_println.cpp
+++ b/02_MENT/limits_println.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#include "println.hpp"
+#include <limits>
+
+int main()
+{
+  println("type\t sizeof\t\t lowest\t\t\t\t highest\n");
+  println("float \t ",sizeof(float), "\t\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest(), "\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<float>::max());
+  println("double\t ",sizeof(double), "\t\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest(), "\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<double>::max());
+  println("int   \t ",sizeof(int), "\t\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<int>::lowest(), "\t\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
+  println("long  \t ",sizeof(long), " \t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<long>::lowest(), '\t',
+          std::numeric_limits<long>::max());
+
+  }
+
--- a/02_MENT/main_02_MENT.cpp
+++ b/02_MENT/main_02_MENT.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// file: main_02_MENT.cpp
+// THIS IS C++, use clang++
+
+#include "../helpers/println.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
+
+struct PascalString{
+	int length;            // number of chars used
+	char characters[256];  // chars of some character string
+};
+
+int hexDigitToInt(char hexDigit){
+int value = -1;
+// TBD
+return value;
+}
+
+int hexStringToInt(PascalString binaryDigits){
+int returnValue = -1;
+
+return returnValue;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv, char** envp){
+	PascalString s = {3, '1', '0', '0'};
+	PascalString s2 = {4, 'f', 'f', 'f', 'f'};
+  println(hexStringToInt(s));
+  println(hexStringToInt(s2));
+  	return 0;
+}
+
--- a/02_MENT/printlnDemo.cpp
+++ b/02_MENT/printlnDemo.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include "println.hpp"
+
+
+int main()
+{
+  println("this program shows how to use println()");
+  int i=1;
+  println(i);           // type int
+  double d=2.78;
+  println(d);           // type double
+  println("");          // just an empty line:
+  println("i=", i, " d=", d);// more than one
+  print("i=", i);       // print all with separate statements
+  print(" d=", d);      // no "ln" -> no newline
+  println("");
+}
+
--- a/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
+++ b/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+// !$*UTF8*$!
+{
+	archiveVersion = 1;
+	classes = {
+	};
+	objectVersion = 46;
+	objects = {
+
+/* Begin PBXBuildFile section */
+		654370B41E9788E30085F153 /* main.cpp in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 654370B31E9788E30085F153 /* main.cpp */; };
+		654371471E9ED16D0085F153 /* typedMemory.cpp in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = 654371451E9ED16D0085F153 /* typedMemory.cpp */; };
+/* End PBXBuildFile section */
+
+/* Begin PBXCopyFilesBuildPhase section */
+		654370AE1E9788E30085F153 /* CopyFiles */ = {
+			isa = PBXCopyFilesBuildPhase;
+			buildActionMask = 2147483647;
+			dstPath = /usr/share/man/man1/;
+			dstSubfolderSpec = 0;
+			files = (
+			);
+			runOnlyForDeploymentPostprocessing = 1;
+		};
+/* End PBXCopyFilesBuildPhase section */
+
+/* Begin PBXFileReference section */
+		654370B01E9788E30085F153 /* typedMemory */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; explicitFileType = "compiled.mach-o.executable"; includeInIndex = 0; path = typedMemory; sourceTree = BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR; };
+		654370B31E9788E30085F153 /* main.cpp */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.cpp.cpp; path = main.cpp; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
+		654371451E9ED16D0085F153 /* typedMemory.cpp */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.cpp.cpp; path = typedMemory.cpp; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
+		654371461E9ED16D0085F153 /* typedMemory.hpp */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.cpp.h; path = typedMemory.hpp; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
+/* End PBXFileReference section */
+
+/* Begin PBXFrameworksBuildPhase section */
+		654370AD1E9788E30085F153 /* Frameworks */ = {
+			isa = PBXFrameworksBuildPhase;
+			buildActionMask = 2147483647;
+			files = (
+			);
+			runOnlyForDeploymentPostprocessing = 0;
+		};
+/* End PBXFrameworksBuildPhase section */
+
+/* Begin PBXGroup section */
+		654370A71E9788E30085F153 = {
+			isa = PBXGroup;
+			children = (
+				654370B21E9788E30085F153 /* typedMemory */,
+				654370B11E9788E30085F153 /* Products */,
+			);
+			sourceTree = "<group>";
+		};
+		654370B11E9788E30085F153 /* Products */ = {
+			isa = PBXGroup;
+			children = (
+				654370B01E9788E30085F153 /* typedMemory */,
+			);
+			name = Products;
+			sourceTree = "<group>";
+		};
+		654370B21E9788E30085F153 /* typedMemory */ = {
+			isa = PBXGroup;
+			children = (
+				654370B31E9788E30085F153 /* main.cpp */,
+				654371451E9ED16D0085F153 /* typedMemory.cpp */,
+				654371461E9ED16D0085F153 /* typedMemory.hpp */,
+			);
+			path = typedMemory;
+			sourceTree = "<group>";
+		};
+/* End PBXGroup section */
+
+/* Begin PBXNativeTarget section */
+		654370AF1E9788E30085F153 /* typedMemory */ = {
+			isa = PBXNativeTarget;
+			buildConfigurationList = 654370B71E9788E30085F153 /* Build configuration list for PBXNativeTarget "typedMemory" */;
+			buildPhases = (
+				654370AC1E9788E30085F153 /* Sources */,
+				654370AD1E9788E30085F153 /* Frameworks */,
+				654370AE1E9788E30085F153 /* CopyFiles */,
+			);
+			buildRules = (
+			);
+			dependencies = (
+			);
+			name = typedMemory;
+			productName = typedMemory;
+			productReference = 654370B01E9788E30085F153 /* typedMemory */;
+			productType = "com.apple.product-type.tool";
+		};
+/* End PBXNativeTarget section */
+
+/* Begin PBXProject section */
+		654370A81E9788E30085F153 /* Project object */ = {
+			isa = PBXProject;
+			attributes = {
+				LastUpgradeCheck = 0820;
+				ORGANIZATIONNAME = HSEL;
+				TargetAttributes = {
+					654370AF1E9788E30085F153 = {
+						CreatedOnToolsVersion = 8.2.1;
+						ProvisioningStyle = Automatic;
+					};
+				};
+			};
+			buildConfigurationList = 654370AB1E9788E30085F153 /* Build configuration list for PBXProject "typedMemory" */;
+			compatibilityVersion = "Xcode 3.2";
+			developmentRegion = English;
+			hasScannedForEncodings = 0;
+			knownRegions = (
+				en,
+			);
+			mainGroup = 654370A71E9788E30085F153;
+			productRefGroup = 654370B11E9788E30085F153 /* Products */;
+			projectDirPath = "";
+			projectRoot = "";
+			targets = (
+				654370AF1E9788E30085F153 /* typedMemory */,
+			);
+		};
+/* End PBXProject section */
+
+/* Begin PBXSourcesBuildPhase section */
+		654370AC1E9788E30085F153 /* Sources */ = {
+			isa = PBXSourcesBuildPhase;
+			buildActionMask = 2147483647;
+			files = (
+				654370B41E9788E30085F153 /* main.cpp in Sources */,
+				654371471E9ED16D0085F153 /* typedMemory.cpp in Sources */,
+			);
+			runOnlyForDeploymentPostprocessing = 0;
+		};
+/* End PBXSourcesBuildPhase section */
+
+/* Begin XCBuildConfiguration section */
+		654370B51E9788E30085F153 /* Debug */ = {
+			isa = XCBuildConfiguration;
+			buildSettings = {
+				ALWAYS_SEARCH_USER_PATHS = NO;
+				CLANG_ANALYZER_NONNULL = YES;
+				CLANG_CXX_LANGUAGE_STANDARD = "gnu++0x";
+				CLANG_CXX_LIBRARY = "libc++";
+				CLANG_ENABLE_MODULES = YES;
+				CLANG_ENABLE_OBJC_ARC = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_BOOL_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_CONSTANT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_DIRECT_OBJC_ISA_USAGE = YES_ERROR;
+				CLANG_WARN_DOCUMENTATION_COMMENTS = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_EMPTY_BODY = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_ENUM_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_INFINITE_RECURSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_INT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_OBJC_ROOT_CLASS = YES_ERROR;
+				CLANG_WARN_SUSPICIOUS_MOVE = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_UNREACHABLE_CODE = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN__DUPLICATE_METHOD_MATCH = YES;
+				CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY = "-";
+				COPY_PHASE_STRIP = NO;
+				DEBUG_INFORMATION_FORMAT = dwarf;
+				ENABLE_STRICT_OBJC_MSGSEND = YES;
+				ENABLE_TESTABILITY = YES;
+				GCC_C_LANGUAGE_STANDARD = gnu99;
+				GCC_DYNAMIC_NO_PIC = NO;
+				GCC_NO_COMMON_BLOCKS = YES;
+				GCC_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL = 0;
+				GCC_PREPROCESSOR_DEFINITIONS = (
+					"DEBUG=1",
+					"$(inherited)",
+				);
+				GCC_WARN_64_TO_32_BIT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_ABOUT_RETURN_TYPE = YES_ERROR;
+				GCC_WARN_UNDECLARED_SELECTOR = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_UNINITIALIZED_AUTOS = YES_AGGRESSIVE;
+				GCC_WARN_UNUSED_FUNCTION = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_UNUSED_VARIABLE = YES;
+				MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET = 10.11;
+				MTL_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO = YES;
+				ONLY_ACTIVE_ARCH = YES;
+				SDKROOT = macosx;
+			};
+			name = Debug;
+		};
+		654370B61E9788E30085F153 /* Release */ = {
+			isa = XCBuildConfiguration;
+			buildSettings = {
+				ALWAYS_SEARCH_USER_PATHS = NO;
+				CLANG_ANALYZER_NONNULL = YES;
+				CLANG_CXX_LANGUAGE_STANDARD = "gnu++0x";
+				CLANG_CXX_LIBRARY = "libc++";
+				CLANG_ENABLE_MODULES = YES;
+				CLANG_ENABLE_OBJC_ARC = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_BOOL_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_CONSTANT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_DIRECT_OBJC_ISA_USAGE = YES_ERROR;
+				CLANG_WARN_DOCUMENTATION_COMMENTS = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_EMPTY_BODY = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_ENUM_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_INFINITE_RECURSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_INT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_OBJC_ROOT_CLASS = YES_ERROR;
+				CLANG_WARN_SUSPICIOUS_MOVE = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_UNREACHABLE_CODE = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN__DUPLICATE_METHOD_MATCH = YES;
+				CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY = "-";
+				COPY_PHASE_STRIP = NO;
+				DEBUG_INFORMATION_FORMAT = "dwarf-with-dsym";
+				ENABLE_NS_ASSERTIONS = NO;
+				ENABLE_STRICT_OBJC_MSGSEND = YES;
+				GCC_C_LANGUAGE_STANDARD = gnu99;
+				GCC_NO_COMMON_BLOCKS = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_64_TO_32_BIT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_ABOUT_RETURN_TYPE = YES_ERROR;
+				GCC_WARN_UNDECLARED_SELECTOR = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_UNINITIALIZED_AUTOS = YES_AGGRESSIVE;
+				GCC_WARN_UNUSED_FUNCTION = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_UNUSED_VARIABLE = YES;
+				MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET = 10.11;
+				MTL_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO = NO;
+				SDKROOT = macosx;
+			};
+			name = Release;
+		};
+		654370B81E9788E30085F153 /* Debug */ = {
+			isa = XCBuildConfiguration;
+			buildSettings = {
+				PRODUCT_NAME = "$(TARGET_NAME)";
+			};
+			name = Debug;
+		};
+		654370B91E9788E30085F153 /* Release */ = {
+			isa = XCBuildConfiguration;
+			buildSettings = {
+				PRODUCT_NAME = "$(TARGET_NAME)";
+			};
+			name = Release;
+		};
+/* End XCBuildConfiguration section */
+
+/* Begin XCConfigurationList section */
+		654370AB1E9788E30085F153 /* Build configuration list for PBXProject "typedMemory" */ = {
+			isa = XCConfigurationList;
+			buildConfigurations = (
+				654370B51E9788E30085F153 /* Debug */,
+				654370B61E9788E30085F153 /* Release */,
+			);
+			defaultConfigurationIsVisible = 0;
+			defaultConfigurationName = Release;
+		};
+		654370B71E9788E30085F153 /* Build configuration list for PBXNativeTarget "typedMemory" */ = {
+			isa = XCConfigurationList;
+			buildConfigurations = (
+				654370B81E9788E30085F153 /* Debug */,
+				654370B91E9788E30085F153 /* Release */,
+			);
+			defaultConfigurationIsVisible = 0;
+		};
+/* End XCConfigurationList section */
+	};
+	rootObject = 654370A81E9788E30085F153 /* Project object */;
+}
--- a/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/contents.xcworkspacedata
+++ b/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/contents.xcworkspacedata
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<Workspace
+   version = "1.0">
+   <FileRef
+      location = "self:typedMemory.xcodeproj">
+   </FileRef>
+</Workspace>
--- a/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate
+++ b/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate
--- a/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcdebugger/Breakpoints_v2.xcbkptlist
+++ b/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcdebugger/Breakpoints_v2.xcbkptlist
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<Bucket
+   type = "1"
+   version = "2.0">
+</Bucket>
--- a/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/typedMemory.xcscheme
+++ b/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/typedMemory.xcscheme
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<Scheme
+   LastUpgradeVersion = "0820"
+   version = "1.3">
+   <BuildAction
+      parallelizeBuildables = "YES"
+      buildImplicitDependencies = "YES">
+      <BuildActionEntries>
+         <BuildActionEntry
+            buildForTesting = "YES"
+            buildForRunning = "YES"
+            buildForProfiling = "YES"
+            buildForArchiving = "YES"
+            buildForAnalyzing = "YES">
+            <BuildableReference
+               BuildableIdentifier = "primary"
+               BlueprintIdentifier = "654370AF1E9788E30085F153"
+               BuildableName = "typedMemory"
+               BlueprintName = "typedMemory"
+               ReferencedContainer = "container:typedMemory.xcodeproj">
+            </BuildableReference>
+         </BuildActionEntry>
+      </BuildActionEntries>
+   </BuildAction>
+   <TestAction
+      buildConfiguration = "Debug"
+      selectedDebuggerIdentifier = "Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.Debugger.LLDB"
+      selectedLauncherIdentifier = "Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.Launcher.LLDB"
+      shouldUseLaunchSchemeArgsEnv = "YES">
+      <Testables>
+      </Testables>
+      <MacroExpansion>
+         <BuildableReference
+            BuildableIdentifier = "primary"
+            BlueprintIdentifier = "654370AF1E9788E30085F153"
+            BuildableName = "typedMemory"
+            BlueprintName = "typedMemory"
+            ReferencedContainer = "container:typedMemory.xcodeproj">
+         </BuildableReference>
+      </MacroExpansion>
+      <AdditionalOptions>
+      </AdditionalOptions>
+   </TestAction>
+   <LaunchAction
+      buildConfiguration = "Debug"
+      selectedDebuggerIdentifier = "Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.Debugger.LLDB"
+      selectedLauncherIdentifier = "Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.Launcher.LLDB"
+      launchStyle = "0"
+      useCustomWorkingDirectory = "NO"
+      ignoresPersistentStateOnLaunch = "NO"
+      debugDocumentVersioning = "YES"
+      debugServiceExtension = "internal"
+      allowLocationSimulation = "YES">
+      <BuildableProductRunnable
+         runnableDebuggingMode = "0">
+         <BuildableReference
+            BuildableIdentifier = "primary"
+            BlueprintIdentifier = "654370AF1E9788E30085F153"
+            BuildableName = "typedMemory"
+            BlueprintName = "typedMemory"
+            ReferencedContainer = "container:typedMemory.xcodeproj">
+         </BuildableReference>
+      </BuildableProductRunnable>
+      <AdditionalOptions>
+      </AdditionalOptions>
+   </LaunchAction>
+   <ProfileAction
+      buildConfiguration = "Release"
+      shouldUseLaunchSchemeArgsEnv = "YES"
+      savedToolIdentifier = ""
+      useCustomWorkingDirectory = "NO"
+      debugDocumentVersioning = "YES">
+      <BuildableProductRunnable
+         runnableDebuggingMode = "0">
+         <BuildableReference
+            BuildableIdentifier = "primary"
+            BlueprintIdentifier = "654370AF1E9788E30085F153"
+            BuildableName = "typedMemory"
+            BlueprintName = "typedMemory"
+            ReferencedContainer = "container:typedMemory.xcodeproj">
+         </BuildableReference>
+      </BuildableProductRunnable>
+   </ProfileAction>
+   <AnalyzeAction
+      buildConfiguration = "Debug">
+   </AnalyzeAction>
+   <ArchiveAction
+      buildConfiguration = "Release"
+      revealArchiveInOrganizer = "YES">
+   </ArchiveAction>
+</Scheme>
--- a/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/xcschememanagement.plist
+++ b/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/xcschememanagement.plist
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>SchemeUserState</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>typedMemory.xcscheme</key>
+		<dict>
+			<key>orderHint</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+		</dict>
+	</dict>
+	<key>SuppressBuildableAutocreation</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>654370AF1E9788E30085F153</key>
+		<dict>
+			<key>primary</key>
+			<true/>
+		</dict>
+	</dict>
+</dict>
+</plist>
--- a/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory/main.cpp
+++ b/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory/main.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//  main.cpp
+//  typedMemory
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include "typedMemory.hpp"
+
+
+
+
+struct compund {
+  int theInt;
+  double theDouble;
+};
+
+
+/* this illustrates that what the compiler needs to do
+ to store local variables in the stack frame. Compare
+ this to the code in main().*/
+/*void foobar(){
+  unsigned int x  = 0x04030201;
+  char c1         = 'C';
+  char c2         = '+';
+  char c3         = '+';
+  char c4         = '!';
+  double d1       = 16.0;
+  compund k1      = {0x04030201, 16.0};
+  compund k2      = {0, 0.0};
+}*/
+
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  TypedMemory mem;
+  
+  mem.putUInt(0, 0x04030201);
+  mem.putChar(4,'C');
+  mem.putChar(5,'+');
+  mem.putChar(6,'+');
+  mem.putChar(7,'!');
+  mem.putDouble(0x30, 16.0 /*355.0/113.0*/);
+  
+  std::cout << std::setbase(16);
+  std::cout << "0x" << mem.getUInt(0) << std::endl;
+  std::cout << mem.getChar(4)
+            << mem.getChar(5)
+            << mem.getChar(6)
+            << mem.getChar(7) << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "0x" << mem.getUInt(4) << std::endl;
+  std::cout << mem.getDouble(0x30) << " (" << sizeof(double) << " bytes)" << std::endl;
+  
+  compund a = {0x04030201, 16.0};
+  compund b = {0, 0.0};
+  mem.putAnything(16, &a, sizeof(compund));
+  mem.getAnything(16, &b, sizeof(compund));
+  std::cout << "a = (0x" << a.theInt << ", " << a.theDouble << ")" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "b = (0x" << b.theInt << ", " << b.theDouble << ")" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << std::setbase(10);
+
+  std::cout << mem.hexDump() << std::endl;
+  
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- a/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory/typedMemory.cpp
+++ b/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory/typedMemory.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//  typedMemory.cpp
+
+#include "typedMemory.hpp"
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <sstream>
+
+
+void TypedMemory::putChar(int position, unsigned char c)
+{
+  rawMemory[position] = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t>(c);
+}
+
+unsigned char TypedMemory::getChar(int position){
+  return reinterpret_cast<unsigned char>(rawMemory[position]);
+}
+
+void TypedMemory::putUInt(int position, unsigned int i){
+  int numBytes = sizeof(i);
+  unsigned int byteMask = 0xff << ((numBytes-1)*8);
+  for(int k=0; k<numBytes;k++){
+    rawMemory[position+k] = (i & byteMask) >> ((numBytes-1-k)*8);
+    byteMask >>= 8;
+  }
+  /* equvalent code for sizeof(unsigned int) == 4:
+   uint8_t byte_a = (i &       0xff);
+   uint8_t byte_b = (i &     0xff00) >> 8;
+   uint8_t byte_c = (i &   0xff0000) >> 16;
+   uint8_t byte_d = (i & 0xff000000) >> 24;
+   
+   rawMemory[position+0] = byte_d;
+   rawMemory[position+1] = byte_c;
+   rawMemory[position+2] = byte_b;
+   rawMemory[position+3] = byte_a;
+   */
+  
+}
+
+
+unsigned int TypedMemory::getUInt(int position){
+  unsigned int result = 0;
+  int numBytes = sizeof(result);
+  for(int i=0; i<numBytes;i++){
+    result |= rawMemory[position+i] << ((numBytes-1-i)*8);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+void TypedMemory::putDouble(int position, double d){
+  void * pv = reinterpret_cast<void*>(&rawMemory[position]);
+  double * pd = reinterpret_cast<double*>(pv);
+  *pd=d;
+}
+
+double TypedMemory::getDouble(int position){
+  void * pv = reinterpret_cast<void*>(&rawMemory[position]);
+  double * pd = reinterpret_cast<double*>(pv);
+  return *pd;
+}
+
+void TypedMemory::putAnything(int position, void* src, int size){
+  for (int i=0; i<size; i++){
+    rawMemory[position+i] = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(src)[i];
+  }
+}
+
+void TypedMemory::getAnything(int position, void* dest, int size){
+  for (int i=0; i<size; i++){
+    reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(dest)[i] = rawMemory[position+i];
+  }
+}
+
+
+std::string TypedMemory::hexDump(){
+  std::string result;
+  std::string printables;
+  std::ostringstream os;
+  
+  os << std::setbase(16);
+  int i=0;
+  while(i<RAWMEMORYSIZE){
+    os << std::setfill('0');
+    os << std::setw(4);
+    os << i << ":  ";
+    for (int j=0;j<16;j++){
+      os << std::setfill('0');
+      os << std::setw(2);
+      os << static_cast<int>(rawMemory[i]);
+      os << " ";
+      if(std::isprint(rawMemory[i])){
+        printables += static_cast<char>(rawMemory[i]);
+      }else{
+        printables += '.';
+      }
+      i++;
+    }
+    os << printables << std::endl;
+    printables = "";
+  }
+  
+  os << std::setbase(10);
+  result = os.str();
+  return result;
+}
--- a/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory/typedMemory.hpp
+++ b/02_MENT/typedMemory/typedMemory/typedMemory.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//  typedMemory.hpp
+
+#ifndef typedMemory_hpp
+#define typedMemory_hpp
+#include <iostream>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+struct TypedMemory {
+  static const int RAWMEMORYSIZE=128;//1024;
+  uint8_t rawMemory[RAWMEMORYSIZE];
+  
+  void putChar(int position, unsigned char c); // position in bytes starting at 0
+  unsigned char getChar(int position);
+  //  void putShort(int position);
+  //  char getShort(int position);
+  void putUInt(int position, unsigned int i);
+  unsigned int getUInt(int position);
+  void putDouble(int position, double d);
+  double getDouble(int position);
+  void putAnything(int position, void* src, int size);
+  void getAnything(int position, void* dest, int size);
+  std::string hexDump();
+};
+
+#endif
--- a/03_FLOW_a/build.sh
+++ b/03_FLOW_a/build.sh
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+clang++ -std=c++14 -I ../helpers -o flow.out  main_mp2_FLOW_a.cpp ../helpers/AnsiConsole.cpp
--- a/03_FLOW_a/main_mp2_FLOW_a.cpp
+++ b/03_FLOW_a/main_mp2_FLOW_a.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#include <stdio.h>  /* file main_mp2_FLOW_a.cpp */
+#include "AnsiConsole.h"
+
+AnsiConsole console; int firstLine; int currentTick; Colors currentColor;
+#define INITPRINT(label) {firstLine=__LINE__;console.printText(2*currentTick,0,label,Colors::BLACK);}
+#define PRINT printLineNumber(__LINE__)
+void printLineNumber(int lineNumber);
+
+void recurse(int); // forward declaration because of firstLine initialization
+void start_Recursion(){
+  INITPRINT("Recursion");
+  PRINT;recurse(10);
+  PRINT;
+}
+void recurse(int turns){
+  PRINT; if(turns>0){
+    PRINT;  recurse(turns - 1);
+  }
+  PRINT;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+void start_Sequence(void){
+  INITPRINT("Sequence");
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+void start_SeqSelection(void){
+  INITPRINT("Selection");
+  PRINT;  int b = 1;
+  PRINT;  if (b == 1){
+    PRINT;
+    PRINT;
+    PRINT;
+    PRINT;
+    PRINT;  }else{
+    PRINT;
+    PRINT;
+    PRINT;
+    PRINT;
+    PRINT;
+            }PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+}
+
+
+
+void start_Iteration(void){
+  INITPRINT("Iteration");
+  PRINT; int i=9;
+  PRINT; while(i>=0){
+    PRINT; i--;
+  }PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+}
+
+
+int func_1(int arg);
+
+// Sequence, Selection, Iteration, Subroutine
+void start_subroutine(void){
+  INITPRINT("Subroutine");
+  PRINT; func_1(1);
+  PRINT; func_1(1);
+  PRINT;
+}
+
+int func_1(int arg){
+  PRINT; int local_1;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT;
+  PRINT; return arg * local_1;
+}
+
+
+
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  console.clearScreen();
+  currentColor = Colors::BLUE;
+  start_Sequence();
+  currentColor = Colors::RED;
+  start_SeqSelection();
+  currentColor = Colors::YELLOW;
+  start_subroutine();
+  currentColor = Colors::GREEN;
+  start_Iteration();
+  currentColor = Colors::CYAN;
+  start_Recursion();
+  
+  //start_goto();
+  //start_switch();
+  //start_interrupt();
+  //start_coroutine();
+  //start_exception();
+  std::string s;
+  std::cin >> s;
+  
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void printLineNumber(int lineNumber){
+  std::string line = std::to_string(lineNumber);
+  currentTick++;
+  console.printText(currentTick*2-1, 1+lineNumber-firstLine, line, currentColor);
+}
+
+
+/*void printLineNumber(int lineNumber){
+  std::string line = std::to_string(lineNumber);
+  console.printText(currentTick*2, 1+lineNumber-firstLine, line, currentColor);
+  currentTick++;
+}*/
+
--- a/03_FLOW_b/build.sh
+++ b/03_FLOW_b/build.sh
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+clang++ -std=c++14 -o controlFlowIntr main_ISR.cpp
--- a/03_FLOW_b/controlFlowIntr
+++ b/03_FLOW_b/controlFlowIntr
--- a/03_FLOW_b/main_ISR.cpp
+++ b/03_FLOW_b/main_ISR.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// file main_ISR.cpp
+#include <iostream>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+volatile int j;
+
+//extern "C" {
+void ISR(int iarg){
+  std::cout << "ISR j=" << j << "\n";
+}
+//}
+
+void install_ISR(void){
+  signal(SIGUSR1, ISR);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  std::cout << "process ID = " << getpid() << "\n";
+  install_ISR();
+  for(int i=0; i<300*1000*1000; i++){
+    i= i +10; i-=10; j=i;
+  }
+  std::cout << "done.\n";
+  return 0;
+}
+
--- a/03_FLOW_b/run.sh
+++ b/03_FLOW_b/run.sh
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+./controlFlowIntr &
+echo $!
+sleep 1
+kill -SIGUSR1 $!
+sleep 1
+kill -SIGUSR1 $!
+kill -SIGUSR1 $!
+
--- a/03_FLOW_c/AP2-dc.cpp
+++ b/03_FLOW_c/AP2-dc.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+// based on http://www.stroustrup.com/dc.c
+// by Bjarne Stroustrup
+// The desk calculator
+// pp 107-117, sec 6.1, A Desk calculator
+// No guarantees offered. Constructive comments to bs@research.att.com
+
+
+/*
+ expr_list:
+	expression PRINT	   // PRINT is \n
+	expression PRINT expr_list
+ 
+ expression:
+	expression + term
+	expression - term
+	term
+ 
+ term:
+	term / power
+	term * power
+	power
+ 
+ power:
+    power # primary         // char '^' produces problems with terminal input
+    primary
+ 
+ 
+ primary:
+	NUMBER
+	( expression )
+ 
+ 
+while statt for
+erweitern um o,i oder HexaDezimal mit &, |, x,
+ */
+
+
+#include <string>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int no_of_errors;	// note: default initialized to 0
+bool doPrintCalculations = true;
+
+
+unsigned int error(const char* s)
+{
+    no_of_errors++;
+    cerr << "error: " << s << '\n';
+    return 1;
+}
+
+enum Token_value {
+    NUMBER, // '0' ... '9'
+    PLUS='+',	MINUS='-',	MUL='*',	DIV='/',
+    PRINT='\n',	POWER='#',	LP='(',		RP=')'
+};
+
+Token_value global_token = PRINT;
+unsigned int number_value;
+
+unsigned int asciToInt(string string_value){
+    unsigned int result = 0;
+    for(size_t i=0; i<string_value.length();i++){
+        result *= 10;
+        result += string_value[i] - 48;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+Token_value get_token()
+{
+    char ch;
+    
+    do {	// skip whitespace except '\n'
+        if(!cin.get(ch)) {error("EOF"); exit(1);} //return curr_tok = END;
+    } while (ch!='\n' && isspace(ch));
+
+    switch (ch) {
+        //case ';':
+        case '\n':
+            return global_token=PRINT;
+        case '*':
+        case '/':
+        case '+':
+        case '-':
+        case '(':
+        case ')':
+        case '#':
+            return global_token=Token_value(ch);
+        case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+        case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':{
+            // the easy way: cin.putback(ch);
+            // the easy way: cin >> number_value;
+            string string_value;
+            string_value = ch;
+            while (cin.get(ch) && isdigit(ch))
+                string_value += ch;	// string_value.push_back(ch); // to work around library bug
+            cin.putback(ch);
+            number_value = asciToInt(string_value);
+            return global_token=NUMBER;
+        }
+        default:
+            error("bad token");
+            return global_token=PRINT;
+    }
+}
+
+
+unsigned int expression();	// cannot do without (indirect recursion)
+
+
+unsigned int primary()		// handle primaries
+{
+    Token_value current_token = get_token();
+    
+    switch (current_token) {
+        case NUMBER:{
+            unsigned int v = number_value;
+            get_token();        // proceed global_token to next token (i.e. operator or '\n')
+            return v;
+        }
+        case LP:{
+            unsigned int e = expression();
+            if (global_token != RP) return error(") expected");
+            get_token();		// eat ')' in order to proceed global_token to next token
+            return e;
+        }
+        default:
+            return error("primary expected");
+    }
+}
+
+unsigned int power()		// 2 ^ 3
+{
+    unsigned int left = primary();
+    unsigned int right = 0;
+    
+    for (;;)
+        switch (global_token) {
+            case POWER:{
+                right = primary();
+                if (doPrintCalculations) printf("%u # %u\n", left, right);
+                unsigned int base = left;
+                left = 1;
+                for (int i=0; i<right; i++)
+                    left *= base;
+                break;
+            }
+            default:
+                return left;
+        }
+}
+
+
+unsigned int term()		// multiply or divide
+{
+    unsigned int left = power();
+    unsigned int right = 0;
+    
+    for (;;)
+        switch (global_token) {
+            case MUL:{
+                right = power();
+                if (doPrintCalculations) printf("%u * %u\n", left, right);
+                left *= right;
+                break;
+            }
+            case DIV:{
+                if ((right = power())) {
+                    if (doPrintCalculations) printf("%u / %u\n", left, right);
+                    left /= right;
+                    break;
+                }
+                return error("divide by 0");
+            }
+            default:
+                return left;
+        }
+}
+
+/*
+unsigned int ops_level_a()		        // e.g. add or subtract
+{
+    unsigned int left = ops_level_b();  // e.g. multiply or divide (which in turn calls ops_level_c() immediately)
+    unsigned int right = 0;
+    
+    for (;;)
+        switch (global_token) {
+            case TOKEN_LEVELA_1:{
+                right = ops_level_b();  // e.g. multiply or divide
+                left = left TOKEN_LEVELA_1 right;
+                break;
+            }
+            case TOKEN_LEVELA_2:{
+                right = ops_level_b();  // e.g. multiply or divide
+                left = left TOKEN_LEVELA_1 right;
+                break;
+            }
+            default:                   // an operator of another (lower) level, or \n
+                return left;           // there is no further operator (and operands) of this level
+        }
+}
+*/
+
+unsigned int expression()		// add or subtract
+{
+    unsigned int left = term();
+    unsigned int right = 0;
+    
+    for (;;)				// ``forever''
+        switch (global_token) {
+            case PLUS:{
+                right = term();
+                if (doPrintCalculations) printf("%u + %u\n", left, right);
+                left += right;
+                break;
+            }
+            case MINUS:{
+                right = term();
+                if (doPrintCalculations) printf("%u - %u\n", left, right);
+                left -= right;
+                break;
+            }
+            default:
+                return left;
+        }
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    while (cin){
+        //cout << " > ";
+        cout << expression() << '\n';
+    }
+    return no_of_errors;
+}
--- a/03_FLOW_c/build.sh
+++ b/03_FLOW_c/build.sh
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+clang++ -std=c++14 -o dc.out AP2-dc.cpp
--- a/04_UDEF/RationalNumber.cpp
+++ b/04_UDEF/RationalNumber.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// file: RationalNumber.cpp
+#include "RationalNumber.hpp"
+
+RationalNumber addRationalNumbers(RationalNumber left, RationalNumber right){
+	RationalNumber result;
+	// add left and right
+	return result;
+}
+
+RationalNumber operator+ (RationalNumber left, RationalNumber right){
+	return addRationalNumbers(left, right);
+}
+
+// for println()
+std::string as_string(RationalNumber r){
+  std::string result = "(";
+  result += std::to_string(r.zaehler);
+  result += "/";
+  result += std::to_string(r.nenner);
+  result += ")";
+  return result;
+}
+
+/*std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, RationalNumber &toBePrinted){
+	os << "(" << toBePrinted.zaehler << "/"
+	<< toBePrinted.nenner << ")";
+	return os;
+}*/
--- a/04_UDEF/RationalNumber.hpp
+++ b/04_UDEF/RationalNumber.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// file: RationalNumber.hpp
+#include <iostream>
+
+struct RationalNumber{
+	int zaehler;
+	int nenner;
+};
+
+RationalNumber addRationalNumbers(RationalNumber left, RationalNumber right);
+RationalNumber operator+ (RationalNumber left, RationalNumber right);
+std::string as_string(RationalNumber);  // for println()
+//std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, RationalNumber &toBePrinted); // for cout
--- a/04_UDEF/main_04_UDEF_a.cpp
+++ b/04_UDEF/main_04_UDEF_a.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// file: main_04_UDEF_a.cpp
+#include "../helpers/println.hpp"
+#include "RationalNumber.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
+
+// location 1
+
+// this declares an alias for type <see below>, which is called calctype
+//typedef unsigned int calctype;
+//typedef int calctype;
+//typedef double calctype;
+typedef RationalNumber calctype;
+
+// location 2
+
+
+void doCalculation(calctype a, calctype b){
+
+	calctype c = a + b;
+
+// here is some advanced computation on arguments a and b
+// for(){ ...
+//   if(){ ...
+//     for(){ ...
+
+  println("a = ", a);
+  println("b = ", b);
+  println("c = ", c);
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv, char** envp){
+
+	calctype a;
+	calctype b;
+
+	doCalculation(a,b);
+
+	return 0;
+}
--- a/04_UDEF/main_04_UDEF_e.cpp
+++ b/04_UDEF/main_04_UDEF_e.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// file main_04_UDEF_e.cpp
+#include "../helpers/println.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
+
+const int bitsPerOctet=8;
+
+struct BinaryOctet {
+  bool evenParity;   // set to true if number of '1' in bitsAsDigits is even, false otherwise
+  char bitsAsDigits[bitsPerOctet]; // bit values as chars
+  BinaryOctet(int x=0);
+  BinaryOctet(const BinaryOctet&) = default;
+};
+
+BinaryOctet::BinaryOctet(int x){
+  // TODO: implement
+}
+
+
+BinaryOctet doCalculation(BinaryOctet a, BinaryOctet b){
+  BinaryOctet result;
+  
+  for(; a != b; b--){
+    a = a + 1;
+    a = a / b;
+  }
+  result = a + b;
+  
+  return result;
+}
+
+// for println();
+std::string as_string(BinaryOctet a){
+  std::string result = "(";
+  // TODO: implement
+  result += ")";
+  return result;
+}
+
+// for std::cout
+/*std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const BinaryOctet &toBePrinted){
+	os << "(" << ")";
+	return os;
+}*/
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  BinaryOctet a = 0b00001111;
+  BinaryOctet b = 0b00000110;
+  println("result = ", doCalculation(a,b));
+  //std::cout << "result = " << doCalculation(a,b) << std::endl;
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/05_OO/AnsiConsoleDemo.cpp
+++ b/05_OO/AnsiConsoleDemo.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cmath>
+#include "AnsiConsole.h"
+
+/*
+ see
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
+ https://gist.github.com/vratiu/9780109
+ https://gist.github.com/RobinMalfait/7881398
+ */
+
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  ansiConsole.clearScreen();
+  // x=1 and y=1 is the upper left corner
+  // x and y are more like column and row
+  ansiConsole.printText(4,4,"Hello, World!");
+
+  // draw a pixel, sort of
+  ansiConsole.printText(3,3,"*");
+  // draw a line
+  for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
+    ansiConsole.printText(2+i,2,"-", Colors::GREEN);
+  }
+  ansiConsole.printText(5,15,"end.");
+
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/05_OO/build.sh
+++ b/05_OO/build.sh
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+clang++ -std=c++14 -o shape_main.out -I ../helpers/ shapes_main.cpp ../helpers/AnsiConsole.cpp 
+clang++ -std=c++14 -o ansiConsole.out -I ../helpers/ AnsiConsoleDemo.cpp ../helpers/AnsiConsole.cpp
--- a/05_OO/main_mp4_OO_a_vehicles.cpp
+++ b/05_OO/main_mp4_OO_a_vehicles.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <typeinfo>
+
+
+//======================================
+
+class Vehicle {
+protected:
+    int _numSeats;
+public:
+    Vehicle(int numSeats=0);// may serve as default ctor (i.e. no arguments)
+    virtual ~Vehicle();
+    virtual int payload() = 0;
+    int numSeats();         // a 'getter' method to get a value; no 'setter' here
+};
+
+//======================================
+
+class Car : public Vehicle {
+protected:
+    int _maxWeight;     // german: zulässiges Gesamtgewicht
+public:
+    Car(int numSeats, int maxWeight);
+    virtual int payload();
+    
+};
+
+//======================================
+
+class Truck : public Vehicle {
+protected:
+    int _payload;
+public:
+    Truck(int numSeats, int payload);
+    virtual int payload();
+};
+
+//======================================
+
+Vehicle::Vehicle(int numSeats){
+    _numSeats = numSeats;
+}
+
+Vehicle::~Vehicle(){
+    std::cout << "destroying a Vehicle" << std::endl;
+}
+
+int Vehicle::numSeats(){
+    return _numSeats;
+}
+
+//======================================
+
+Car::Car(int numSeats, int maxWeight){
+    _numSeats = numSeats;
+    _maxWeight = maxWeight;
+}
+
+int Car::payload(){
+    return _maxWeight - (_numSeats*75);
+}
+
+//======================================
+
+Truck::Truck(int numSeats, int payload){
+    _numSeats = numSeats;
+    _payload = payload;
+}
+
+int Truck::payload(){
+    return _payload;
+}
+
+//======================================
+
+
+void printVehicleInfo(Vehicle* v){
+    std::cout << "typeid=`" << typeid(*v).name() << "`"
+    << " numSeats=" << v->numSeats()
+    << " payload=" << v->payload() << std::endl;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+
+    Car* c   = new Car(5, 1000);    // create a new object of class Car in free store
+    Truck* t = new Truck(3, 7500);
+    
+    std::cout << "1" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "c: numSeats=" << c->numSeats() << " payload=" << c->payload() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "t: numSeats=" << t->numSeats() << " payload=" << t->payload() << std::endl;
+    
+    std::cout << std::endl << "2" << std::endl;
+    Vehicle* v = c;             // a Car `is a` Vehicle => implicitly convertible
+    printVehicleInfo(v);
+    v = t;                      // a Truck `is a` Vehicle => implicitly convertible
+    printVehicleInfo(v);
+    
+    
+    // release memory occupied by t,c for use by future objects created by `new`
+    // do NOT release v. it is only an alias
+   delete t;
+    delete c;
+    
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/05_OO/main_mp4_OO_b.cpp
+++ b/05_OO/main_mp4_OO_b.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+//  file main_mp4_OO_b.cpp
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cassert>
+
+//=======================================
+
+struct FooVal {
+    FooVal(int initialValue=0);
+    ~FooVal();
+private:
+    int _someValue;
+};
+
+//=======================================
+
+class FooBase {
+    FooVal _value;
+public:
+    FooBase();
+    FooBase(int initialValue);
+    virtual ~FooBase();
+};
+
+//=======================================
+
+class FooDerived : public FooBase {
+  int _ival;
+public:
+    FooDerived(int initialValue);
+    ~FooDerived();
+};
+
+//=======================================
+
+class Bar {
+    FooBase *_helperObject;
+public:
+    Bar();
+    ~Bar();
+};
+
+//=======================================
+
+FooVal::FooVal(int initialValue)
+: _someValue(initialValue)
+{
+    std::cout << "FooVal::FooVal()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+FooVal::~FooVal(){
+    std::cout << "FooVal::~FooVal()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+FooBase::FooBase(){
+    std::cout << "FooBase::FooBase()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+FooBase::FooBase(int initialValue)
+: _value(initialValue)
+{
+    std::cout << "FooBase::FooBase(int)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+FooBase::~FooBase(){
+    std::cout << "FooBase::~FooBase(" << std::endl;
+}
+
+FooDerived::FooDerived(int initialValue)
+: FooBase(initialValue), _ival(0)
+{
+    std::cout << "FooDerived::FooDerived()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+FooDerived::~FooDerived(){
+    std::cout << "FooDerived::~FooDerived()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+Bar::Bar(){
+    _helperObject =  new FooDerived(0);
+}
+
+Bar::~Bar(){
+    delete _helperObject;
+}
+
+
+struct StackObject {
+private:
+    void* operator new(size_t size) noexcept {
+        bool noStackObjectOnHeap = false;
+        assert(noStackObjectOnHeap);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+};
+
+
+struct A : public StackObject {
+    A(){std::cout << "+A ";}
+    //A(const A&){std::cout << "+A";}
+    ~A(){std::cout << "-A ";}
+};
+
+struct B : public StackObject {
+    B(){std::cout << "+B ";}
+    //B(const B&){std::cout << "+B";}
+    ~B(){std::cout << "-B ";}
+};
+
+
+struct C : public StackObject {
+    C(){std::cout << "+C ";}
+    //C(const C&){std::cout << "+C";}
+    ~C(){std::cout << "-C ";}
+};
+
+class HeapObject{
+public:
+    void*   operator new (size_t size);
+    HeapObject();
+    virtual ~HeapObject();
+    static bool assertionsHold();
+protected:
+private:
+    static int ctorCount;
+    static int dtorCount;
+    static int newCount;
+    //    static void remove(HeapObject *);
+    HeapObject(const HeapObject&) = delete;
+    HeapObject& operator=(const HeapObject&) = delete;
+};
+
+int HeapObject::ctorCount = 0;
+int HeapObject::dtorCount = 0;
+int HeapObject::newCount  = 0;
+
+void*   HeapObject::operator new (size_t size){
+    newCount++;
+    return new char[size];
+}
+
+HeapObject::HeapObject(){
+    ctorCount++;
+}
+
+HeapObject::~HeapObject(){
+    dtorCount++;
+}
+
+bool HeapObject::assertionsHold(){
+    assert(ctorCount == newCount);   // all objects have been allocated on heap
+    assert(ctorCount == dtorCount);  // all objects have been deleted
+    return true;
+}
+
+
+class K : public HeapObject
+{
+public:
+  K(){std::cout << "+K ";}
+    ~K(){std::cout << "-K ";}
+};
+
+class L {
+public:
+  L(){std::cout << "+L ";}
+  ~L(){std::cout << "-L ";}
+};
+
+
+class M {
+public:
+    M(){std::cout << "+M ";}
+    ~M(){std::cout << "-M ";}
+};
+
+
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  Bar * bar = new Bar();
+  // ...
+  delete bar; // implies "delete _helperObject";
+
+  FooBase *obj = new FooDerived(7);
+  delete obj;
+
+  {
+    C c;
+    K* k = new K();
+    delete k;
+  }
+
+  HeapObject::assertionsHold();
+  std::cout << " ENDE" << std::endl;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+
--- a/05_OO/shapes_main.cpp
+++ b/05_OO/shapes_main.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cmath>
+#include "AnsiConsole.h"
+
+struct Position{
+  int x;
+  int y;
+  Position(int x_=0, int y_=0){ x=x_;y=y_;}
+};
+
+class Point{
+protected:
+  Position _position;
+public:
+  Point(int x=0, int y=0);
+  void draw();
+};
+
+Point::Point(int x, int y){
+  _position = Position(x,y);
+}
+
+void Point::draw(){
+  ansiConsole.printText(_position.x,_position.y,"*", Colors::RED);
+}
+
+class Circle{
+protected:
+  Position  _position;
+  int       _radius;
+public:
+  Circle(int x=0, int y=0, int radius=0);
+  void draw();
+};
+
+Circle::Circle(int x, int y, int radius){
+  _position = Position(x,y);
+  _radius=radius;
+}
+
+void Circle::draw(){
+  /* see https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Formelsammlung_Mathematik:_Geometrie
+   * Höhensatz des Euklid
+   * */
+  int x_start = _position.x - _radius/2;
+  int x_stop  = _position.x + _radius/2;
+
+  for(int i=x_start; i<=x_stop; i++){
+    double x_relative = double(i) - double(x_start);
+    double h = sqrt(x_relative*(x_stop-x_start-x_relative));
+    ansiConsole.printText(_position.x + int(x_relative)- _radius/2,
+                          _position.y +h,"#",
+                          Colors::GREEN);
+    ansiConsole.printText(_position.x + int(x_relative)- _radius/2,
+                          _position.y -h,"#",
+                          Colors::GREEN);
+
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  // x=1 and y=1 is the upper left corner
+  // x and y are more like column and row
+  ansiConsole.printText(5,5,"Hello, World!");
+
+  Point* p = new Point(10,10);
+  p->draw();
+
+  Point* p2 = new Point(2,10);
+  p2->draw();
+
+
+  Circle* c = new Circle(30, 15, 10);
+  c->draw();
+
+  Point* p3= new Point(30,15);
+  p3->draw();
+
+
+  delete p;
+  delete p2;
+  delete p3;
+  delete c;
+
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/06_POLY/main_mp5_POLY.cpp
+++ b/06_POLY/main_mp5_POLY.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+// file main_mp5_POLY.cpp
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+class Base {
+public:
+  void           overriddenMethod();
+  void           overriddenMethod(int);
+  void           overriddenMethod(std::string);
+  void           nonVirtualMethod(void);
+  virtual void      virtualMethod(void);
+  /*
+  virtual void  virtualAndOverridden(void);
+  virtual void  virtualAndOverridden(int);
+  virtual void  virtualAndOverridden(std::string);*/
+};
+
+class Derived_1 : public Base {
+public:
+  Derived_1();
+  ~Derived_1();
+  void           nonVirtualMethod(void);
+  virtual void      virtualMethod(void);
+  
+/*  virtual void  virtualAndOverridden(void);
+  virtual void  virtualAndOverridden(int);
+  virtual void  virtualAndOverridden(std::string);*/
+};
+
+class Derived_2 : public Derived_1 {
+public:
+  void           nonVirtualMethod(void);
+  virtual void      virtualMethod(void);
+};
+
+// see https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/strange-inheritance#calling-virtuals-from-ctors
+Derived_1::Derived_1(){
+  virtualMethod();                     // 6a
+}
+
+Derived_1::~Derived_1(){
+  virtualMethod();                     // 6b
+}
+
+// -------------------
+void    Base::overriddenMethod(void){
+  std::cout << "Base::overriddenMethod(void)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void    Base::overriddenMethod(int){
+  std::cout << "Base::overriddenMethod(int)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void    Base::overriddenMethod(std::string){
+  std::cout << "Base::overriddenMethod(std::string)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void    Base::nonVirtualMethod(void){
+  std::cout << "Base::nonVirtualMethod(void)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void    Base::virtualMethod(void){
+  std::cout << "Base::virtualMethod" << std::endl;
+}
+
+
+/*
+void    Base::virtualAndOverridden(void){
+  std::cout << "Base::virtualAndOverridden(void)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void    Base::virtualAndOverridden(int){
+  std::cout << "Base::virtualAndOverridden(int)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void    Base::virtualAndOverridden(std::string){
+  std::cout << "Base::virtualAndOverridden(std::string)" << std::endl;
+}
+*/
+
+// -------------------
+void    Derived_1::nonVirtualMethod(void){
+  std::cout << "Derived_1::nonVirtualMethod" << std::endl;
+}
+void    Derived_1::virtualMethod(void){
+  std::cout << "Derived_1::virtualMethod" << std::endl;
+}
+
+
+/*
+void    Derived_1::virtualAndOverridden(void){
+  std::cout << "Derived_1::virtualAndOverridden(void)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void    Derived_1::virtualAndOverridden(int){
+  std::cout << "Derived_1::virtualAndOverridden(int)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void    Derived_1::virtualAndOverridden(std::string){
+  std::cout << "Derived_1::virtualAndOverridden(std::string)" << std::endl;
+}
+*/
+
+
+// -------------------
+void    Derived_2::nonVirtualMethod(void){
+  std::cout << "Derived_2::nonVirtualMethod" << std::endl;
+}
+void    Derived_2::virtualMethod(void){
+  std::cout << "Derived_2::virtualMethod" << std::endl;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ illustrates binding of method invocations
+ compile time vs. run time binding
+ */
+
+void foobar(void){
+  
+  std::cout << "6a) ";
+  Derived_2* pR = new Derived_2();
+  
+  Base*      pBase      = pR;
+  Derived_1* pDerived_1 = pR;
+  Derived_2* pDerived_2 = pR;
+  
+  std::cout << "1) ";
+  pBase->virtualMethod();                 // 1)
+  
+  std::cout << "2) ";
+  pBase->nonVirtualMethod();              // 2)
+  
+  std::cout << "3) ";
+  pDerived_2->virtualMethod();            // 3)
+  
+  std::cout << "4) ";
+  pDerived_2->nonVirtualMethod();         // 4)
+  
+  std::cout << "5) ";
+  static_cast<Base*>(pDerived_2)->nonVirtualMethod(); // 5)
+  
+  std::cout << "7) ";
+  static_cast<Derived_1*>(pDerived_2)->nonVirtualMethod(); // 7)
+  
+  std::cout << "8) ";
+  pDerived_1->nonVirtualMethod();         // 8)
+  
+  std::cout << "9) ";
+  pDerived_1->virtualMethod();            // 9)
+  
+  std::cout << "10a) ";
+  pBase->Base::virtualMethod();           // 10a)
+  
+  std::cout << "10b) ";
+  pDerived_2->Derived_1::virtualMethod(); // 10b)
+  
+  std::cout << "11 ";
+  pDerived_2->overriddenMethod(17);       // 11)
+  
+  std::cout << "12 ";
+  pDerived_2->overriddenMethod();         // 12)
+  
+  std::cout << "13 ";
+  pDerived_2->overriddenMethod(std::string("x")); // 13)
+  
+  std::cout << "14 ";
+  dynamic_cast<Derived_2*>(pBase)->virtualMethod(); // 14)
+  
+  std::cout << "15 ";
+  Base* baseObject    = new Base();
+  Derived_2* d2Object = dynamic_cast<Derived_2*>(baseObject);
+  if(d2Object){                           // 15)
+    std::cout << "+" << std::endl;
+  }else{
+    std::cout << "-" << std::endl;
+  }
+  
+  /*
+  std::cout << "16 ";
+  pDerived_2->virtualAndOverridden(17);       // 16)
+  
+  std::cout << "17 ";
+  pDerived_2->virtualAndOverridden();         // 17)
+  
+  std::cout << "18 ";
+  pDerived_2->virtualAndOverridden(std::string("x")); // 18)
+  */
+  
+  
+  std::cout << "6b) ";
+  delete pR;
+}
+
+/*
+ void foo(){
+ for(int i=0; i<LOOPS;i++){
+ Base* ps = new Base();
+ ps->nonVirtualMethod2();
+ delete ps;
+ }
+ }
+ 
+ void bar(int i){
+ Base s;
+ s.nonVirtualMethod2();
+ if(i>0){
+ bar(i-1);
+ }
+ }*/
+
+typedef void (*funcPointer_void_void)(void);
+
+void sing_gingle(void){
+  std::cout << "gingle ";
+}
+
+void sing_bells(void){
+  std::cout << "bells ";
+}
+
+void sing_surf(void){
+  std::cout << "surf ";
+}
+
+void sing_safari(void){
+  std::cout << "surfin safari ";
+}
+
+std::vector<funcPointer_void_void> songOfSeason(int currentTemperatureCelsius) {
+  std::vector<funcPointer_void_void> result;
+  
+  if(currentTemperatureCelsius <= 0){
+    result.push_back(sing_gingle);
+    result.push_back(sing_bells);
+    result.push_back(sing_gingle);
+    result.push_back(sing_bells);
+  }else{
+    result.push_back(sing_surf);
+    result.push_back(sing_surf);
+    result.push_back(sing_safari);
+    result.push_back(sing_surf);
+    result.push_back(sing_surf);
+    result.push_back(sing_safari);
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+void sing(int currentTemperatureCelsius){
+  std::vector<funcPointer_void_void> song = songOfSeason(currentTemperatureCelsius);
+  
+  // traditional C-style for-loop
+  for(int i=0; i<song.size(); ++i){
+    song[i](); // invoke funtion (pointed to by function pointer at song[i])
+  }
+  std::cout << std::endl;
+  
+  // C++11 range-based for-loop looks better:
+  for(auto func: song){
+    func();
+  }
+  std::cout << std::endl;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  
+  foobar();
+  
+  sing(-17);
+  
+  /*
+   std::cout << "foo " << std::endl;
+   foo();
+   
+   std::cout << "bar " << std::endl;
+   bar(LOOPS);
+   */
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/07_STD/6_STD_stacks/genericStack.hpp
+++ b/07_STD/6_STD_stacks/genericStack.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//  genericStack.hpp
+//  6_STD_stacks
+
+#ifndef genericStack_hpp
+#define genericStack_hpp
+#include <iostream>
+
+// good: encapsulation
+// good: separation of interface and implementation
+// good: arbitrary element type
+// good: arbitrary capacity
+// bad: implementation in .hpp
+// bad: compiler error messages are difficult to read
+
+template <typename ElementType, int capacity>
+struct genericStack {
+  int tos; // top of stack, i.e. index of next write/push
+  ElementType elements[capacity];
+public:
+  genericStack();
+  void push(ElementType element);
+  ElementType pop();
+  int size(); // number of elements pushed
+  bool isEmpty();
+  void clear();
+  void print();
+};
+
+
+// ============= implementation =============
+
+template <typename ElementType, int capacity>
+genericStack<ElementType, capacity>::genericStack()
+: tos(0)
+{
+  
+}
+
+template <typename ElementType, int capacity>
+void genericStack<ElementType, capacity>::push(ElementType element){
+  elements[tos++] = element;
+}
+
+template <typename ElementType, int capacity>
+ElementType genericStack<ElementType, capacity>::pop(){
+  return elements[--tos];
+}
+
+template <typename ElementType, int capacity>
+int genericStack<ElementType, capacity>::size(){ // number of elements pushed
+  return tos;
+}
+
+template <typename ElementType, int capacity>
+bool genericStack<ElementType, capacity>::isEmpty(){
+  return tos == 0;
+}
+
+template <typename ElementType, int capacity>
+void genericStack<ElementType, capacity>::clear(){
+  tos = 0;
+}
+
+template <typename ElementType, int capacity>
+void genericStack<ElementType, capacity>::print(){
+  std::cout << size() << " of " << capacity << " allocated." << std::endl;
+  for (int i=0; i<tos; i++){
+    std::cout << i << ": " << elements[i] << std::endl;
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
--- a/07_STD/6_STD_stacks/intStack.cpp
+++ b/07_STD/6_STD_stacks/intStack.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//  intStack.cpp
+//  6_STD_stacks
+
+#include "intStack.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
+
+const int intStack::capacity;
+
+intStack::intStack()
+: tos(0)
+{
+  
+}
+
+void intStack::push(int element){
+  elements[tos++] = element;
+}
+
+int intStack::pop(){
+  return elements[--tos];
+}
+
+int intStack::size(){ // number of elements pushed
+  return tos;
+}
+
+bool intStack::isEmpty(){
+  return tos == 0;
+}
+
+void intStack::clear(){
+  tos = 0;
+}
+
+void intStack::print(){
+  std::cout << size() << " of " << capacity << " allocated." << std::endl;
+  for (int i=0; i<tos; i++){
+    std::cout << i << ": " << elements[i] << std::endl;
+  }
+}
--- a/07_STD/6_STD_stacks/intStack.hpp
+++ b/07_STD/6_STD_stacks/intStack.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//  intStack.hpp
+//  6_STD_stacks
+
+#ifndef intStack_hpp
+#define intStack_hpp
+
+// good: encapsulation
+// good: separation of interface and implementation
+// bad: fixed element type
+// bad: fixed capacity
+
+struct intStack {
+  static const int capacity=1024;
+  int tos; // top of stack, i.e. index of next write/push
+  int elements[capacity];
+public:
+  intStack();
+  void push(int element);
+  int pop();
+  int size(); // number of elements pushed
+  bool isEmpty();
+  void clear();
+  void print();
+};
+
+#endif
--- a/07_STD/6_STD_stacks/main.cpp
+++ b/07_STD/6_STD_stacks/main.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//  main.cpp
+//  6_STD_stacks
+
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include "intStack.hpp"
+#include "genericStack.hpp"
+#include <vector>
+#include <list>
+
+
+void use_intStack(){
+  intStack s_1;
+  for(int i=0; i<10;i++){
+    s_1.push(i*i);
+  }
+  std::cout << "s_1 : " << std::endl;
+  s_1.print();
+  // replace top element by 4711:
+  s_1.pop();
+  s_1.push(4711);
+  // swap topmost two elements:
+  int tmp1 = s_1.pop();
+  int tmp2 = s_1.pop();
+  s_1.push(tmp1);
+  s_1.push(tmp2);
+  std::cout << "draining s_1 : " << std::endl;
+  while(!s_1.isEmpty()){
+    std::cout << s_1.pop() << std::endl;
+  }
+}
+
+
+void use_genericStack(){
+  genericStack<int, 20> s_2;
+  genericStack<double, 30> s_3;
+  for(int i=0; i<10;i++){
+    s_2.push(i*i);
+    s_3.push(i*i * 1.1);
+  }
+  s_2.print();
+  s_3.print();
+}
+
+void use_std_containers(){
+  std::vector<int> v;
+  v.push_back(17);         // append an element at the end
+  int i = v.back();        // get last element
+  int j = v[0];            // access by subscript operator
+  if ((i==j) && (i==17)){  //
+    v.pop_back();          // remove last element
+    v.clear();             // remove all elements
+  }
+  long s = v.size();       // get size; size() <= max_size()
+  std::list<long> l;
+  l.push_back(17);         // append an element at the end
+  l.push_front(s);         // put an element in front of the list
+}
+
+void printVector(const std::vector<int>& v){
+  for(int j=0; j<v.size(); j++){
+    std::cout << "[" << j << "]=" << v[j] << ", ";
+  }
+  std::cout << std::endl;
+}
+
+void use_std_algorithms(){
+  std::vector<int> v(100);
+  for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
+    v[i*i] = i;
+  }
+  v.push_back(17);
+  printVector(v);
+  std::sort(v.begin(), v.end());
+  printVector(v);
+  std::transform(v.begin(), v.end(), v.begin(),
+                 [](int i) { return i*10; }); // use lambda expression here
+  printVector(v);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  std::cout << "use_intStack()" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "--------------" << std::endl;
+  use_intStack();
+  std::cout << "use_genericStack()" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "------------------" << std::endl;
+  use_genericStack();
+
+  std::cout << "use_std_containers()" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "------------------" << std::endl;
+  use_std_containers();
+  std::cout << "use_std_algorithms()" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "------------------" << std::endl;
+  use_std_algorithms();
+  
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/07_STD/grundgeruest.cpp
+++ b/07_STD/grundgeruest.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// based on example from http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/random/rand
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <ctime>
+
+struct BinaryOctet {
+  bool evenParity;
+  char bitsAsDigits[bitsPerOctet];
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    std::srand(std::time(0)); // use current time as seed for random generator
+    int random_variable = std::rand();
+    std::cout << "Random value on [0 " << RAND_MAX << "]: "
+              << random_variable << '\n';
+}
--- a/08_PTRN/Car.cpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/Car.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "Car.hpp"
+
+Car::Car(std::string model, int maxWeight)
+: Vehicle(model)
+{
+  _maxWeight = maxWeight;
+}
+
+int Car::maxWeight(){
+  return _maxWeight;
+}
+
+int Car::payload_kg(){
+  return _maxWeight - 75 * 5; // subtract weight of passangers
+}
+
+Vehicle* Car::clone(){
+  return new Car(model(), _maxWeight);
+}
--- a/08_PTRN/Car.hpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/Car.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef Car_hpp
+#define Car_hpp
+
+#include "Vehicle.hpp"
+
+
+class Car : public Vehicle {
+  int _maxWeight;
+public:
+  Car(std::string model, int maxWeight);
+  int maxWeight();
+  virtual int payload_kg();
+  virtual Vehicle* clone();
+  //virtual Vehicle* newInstance();
+};
+
+
+#endif 
--- a/08_PTRN/Logger.cpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/Logger.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// file Logger.cpp
+#include "Logger.hpp"
+
+Logger* Logger::_theInstance = nullptr;
+
+Logger* Logger::getInstance(){
+  if (!_theInstance){
+    _theInstance = new StdoutLogger();
+  }
+  return _theInstance;
+}
+
+void StdoutLogger::log(std::string message, std::string file, int line){
+  std::cerr << message << " in " << file << " line " << line << std::endl;
+}
--- a/08_PTRN/Logger.hpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/Logger.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// file Logger.hpp
+#ifndef Logger_hpp
+#define Logger_hpp
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+class Logger {
+  static Logger* _theInstance;
+public:
+  virtual void log(std::string message, std::string file="", int line=0) = 0;
+  static Logger* getInstance();
+};
+
+class StdoutLogger: public Logger {
+public:
+  void log(std::string message, std::string file="", int line=0);
+};
+
+#endif
--- a/08_PTRN/Truck.cpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/Truck.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#include "Truck.hpp"
+
+Truck::Truck(std::string model, int payload_kg)
+: Vehicle(model)
+{
+  _payload_kg = payload_kg;
+}
+
+int Truck::payload_kg(){
+  return _payload_kg;
+}
+
+
+Vehicle* Truck::clone(){
+  return new Truck(model(),_payload_kg);
+}
--- a/08_PTRN/Truck.hpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/Truck.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef Truck_hpp
+#define Truck_hpp
+
+#include "Vehicle.hpp"
+
+
+class Truck : public Vehicle {
+  int _payload_kg; // max number kilograms to load
+public:
+  Truck(std::string model, int payload_kg);
+  virtual int payload_kg();
+  virtual Vehicle* clone();
+  //virtual Vehicle* newInstance();
+};
+
+#endif
+
--- a/08_PTRN/Vehicle.cpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/Vehicle.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "Vehicle.hpp"
+
+Vehicle::Vehicle(std::string model){
+  this->_model = model;
+}
+
+Vehicle::~Vehicle(){
+}
+
+std::string Vehicle::model(){
+  return _model;
+}
+
+
+
--- a/08_PTRN/Vehicle.hpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/Vehicle.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef Vehicle_hpp
+#define Vehicle_hpp
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+class Vehicle {
+  std::string _model;
+public:
+  Vehicle(std::string model);
+  virtual ~Vehicle();
+  std::string model();
+  virtual int payload_kg() = 0;
+  virtual Vehicle* clone() {return nullptr;} // idiom "virtual constructor"
+  //virtual Vehicle* newInstance() = 0;        // idiom "virtual constructor"
+};
+
+
+#endif
--- a/08_PTRN/VehicleFactory.cpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/VehicleFactory.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// file VehicleFactory.cpp
+#include "VehicleFactory.hpp"
+#include "Car.hpp"
+#include "Truck.hpp"
+
+/*
+  A factory creates objects based un runtime information 
+  a) within the process (data values, Types i.e.e virtual methods)
+  b) input from files or user input
+  Th is simple Factory differentiates only based on a value.
+ */
+Vehicle* vehicleForPayload(std::string model, int weight){
+  if (weight < 3500){
+    return new Car(model, weight);
+  }else{
+    return new Truck(model, weight);
+  }
+}
+
--- a/08_PTRN/VehicleFactory.hpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/VehicleFactory.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// file VehicleFactory.hpp
+#ifndef VehicleFactory_hpp
+#define VehicleFactory_hpp
+
+#include "Vehicle.hpp"
+
+Vehicle* vehicleForPayload(std::string model, int weight);
+
+
+#endif
--- a/08_PTRN/main.cpp
+++ b/08_PTRN/main.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#include "Car.hpp"
+#include "Truck.hpp"
+#include "Logger.hpp"
+#include "VehicleFactory.hpp"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+void workOnCopy_naive(std::vector<Vehicle*> vehicles){
+  std::vector<Vehicle*> tempVec;
+  for (int i=0; i<vehicles.size(); i++){
+    Vehicle * currentVehicle = vehicles[i];
+    Car*   carToCopy   = dynamic_cast<Car*>(currentVehicle);  // RTTI type check
+    Truck* truckToCopy = dynamic_cast<Truck*>(currentVehicle);// may be nullptr
+    if(carToCopy){
+      tempVec.push_back(new Car(carToCopy->model(), carToCopy->maxWeight())); // type dependency to Car
+    }else if(truckToCopy){
+      tempVec.push_back(new Truck(truckToCopy->model(), truckToCopy->payload_kg())); // type dependecy
+    }else{
+      // TODO: what do we do here?
+      // Did someone add a new class to the code base?
+      return; // BUG: copies aren't free'd
+    }
+  }
+  // work on copies ...
+  // ...
+  for(auto vehi : tempVec){
+    std::cout << vehi->model() << " " << vehi->payload_kg() << " kg" << std::endl;
+  }
+  for (int i=0; i<tempVec.size(); i++){
+    delete tempVec[i];
+  }
+  tempVec.clear();
+}
+
+void workOnCopy_smart(std::vector<Vehicle*> vehicles){ // uses RAII, virtual ctor
+  
+  class RAIIvector { // local RAII helper class
+  public:
+    std::vector<Vehicle*> tempVec;
+    ~RAIIvector(){
+      for(auto vehi : tempVec){
+        delete vehi;
+      }
+      tempVec.clear();
+    }
+  };
+  RAIIvector rv;
+  
+  for(auto vehi : vehicles){
+    rv.tempVec.push_back(vehi->clone());
+  }
+  // work on copies ...
+  // ...
+  for(auto vehi : rv.tempVec){
+    std::cout << vehi->model() << " " << vehi->payload_kg() << " kg" << std::endl;
+  }
+  // compiler WILL invoke RAIIvector::~RAIIvector() here
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  std::vector<Vehicle*> vehicles;
+  vehicles.push_back(vehicleForPayload("Volkswagen Golf", 900)); // use factory for construction
+  vehicles.push_back(vehicleForPayload("Magirus Deutz", 18*1000));
+  Logger::getInstance()->log("work naively", __FILE__, __LINE__);
+  workOnCopy_naive(vehicles);
+  Logger::getInstance()->log("work smartly", __FILE__, __LINE__);
+  workOnCopy_smart(vehicles);
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/10_PITF/banking_base_rawptr.cpp
+++ b/10_PITF/banking_base_rawptr.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <vector>
+#include "println.hpp"
+
+
+struct StackObject {
+private:
+    void* operator new(size_t size) noexcept {
+        bool noStackObjectOnHeap = false;
+        assert(noStackObjectOnHeap);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+};
+
+
+class HeapObject{
+public:
+    void*   operator new (size_t size);
+    HeapObject();
+    virtual ~HeapObject();
+    static bool assertionsHold();
+protected:
+private:
+    static int ctorCount;
+    static int dtorCount;
+    static int newCount;
+    //    static void remove(HeapObject *);
+    HeapObject(const HeapObject&) = delete;
+    HeapObject& operator=(const HeapObject&) = delete;
+};
+
+int HeapObject::ctorCount = 0;
+int HeapObject::dtorCount = 0;
+int HeapObject::newCount  = 0;
+
+void*   HeapObject::operator new (size_t size){
+    newCount++;
+    return new char[size];
+}
+
+HeapObject::HeapObject(){
+    ctorCount++;
+}
+
+HeapObject::~HeapObject(){
+    dtorCount++;
+}
+
+bool HeapObject::assertionsHold(){
+    assert(ctorCount == newCount);   // all objects have been allocated on heap
+    assert(ctorCount == dtorCount);  // all objects have been deleted
+    return true;
+}
+
+typedef double MoneyUnitType; // should be fixed point class
+
+class Cash : public HeapObject {
+public:
+  MoneyUnitType _value;
+  Cash(MoneyUnitType value) : _value(value){}
+};
+
+typedef std::vector<Cash*> Wallet;
+
+Wallet consumerWallet_A;
+Wallet consumerWallet_B;
+
+Cash * createCashFor(int i){
+  return new Cash(static_cast<MoneyUnitType>(i));
+}
+
+void flushWallet(Wallet& toBeEmptied){ // should be in dtor of sorrounding class
+  for(int i=0; i<toBeEmptied.size();i++){
+    delete toBeEmptied[i];
+  }
+  toBeEmptied.clear();
+}
+
+void setup(){
+  println("setup()...");
+  // fill A's wallet
+  for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
+    consumerWallet_A.push_back(createCashFor(i));
+  }
+  println("setup() - done");
+}
+
+void simulate(){
+  println("simulate()...");
+  // move A's last Cash object to B's wallet
+  Cash * toBeMoved = consumerWallet_A.back();
+  consumerWallet_B.push_back(toBeMoved);
+  consumerWallet_A.pop_back();
+  
+  // delete A's last Cash object
+  delete consumerWallet_A.back();
+  consumerWallet_A.pop_back();
+  println("simulate() - done");
+}
+
+void teardown(){
+  println("cleaning up...");
+  flushWallet(consumerWallet_A);
+  flushWallet(consumerWallet_B);
+  println("cleaning up - done");
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  setup();
+  simulate();
+  teardown();
+  
+  HeapObject::assertionsHold();
+  std::cout << " ---- errors above? ----" << std::endl;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+
--- a/10_PITF/build.sh
+++ b/10_PITF/build.sh
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+clang++ -std=c++14 -I../helpers -o banking_rawptr.out banking_base_rawptr.cpp 
+#clang++ -std=c++14 -I../helpers -o banking_smartptr.out banking_base_smartptr.cpp 
--- a/10_PITF/doubleDelete/LifeCycleProbe.cpp
+++ b/10_PITF/doubleDelete/LifeCycleProbe.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//  LifeCycleProbe.cpp
+//  DoubleDelete
+
+#include "LifeCycleProbe.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
+
+LifeCycleProbe::LifeCycleProbe(){
+  this->id=0;
+  std::cout << "default ctor id=" << id << std::endl;
+#ifdef HAS_RESOURCE_POINTER
+  resource = new int;
+#endif
+}
+
+LifeCycleProbe::LifeCycleProbe(int id){
+  this->id=id;
+  std::cout << "ctor(int) id=" << id << std::endl;
+#ifdef HAS_RESOURCE_POINTER
+  resource = new int;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+LifeCycleProbe::LifeCycleProbe(const LifeCycleProbe& other){
+  std::cout << "copy ctor (source id=" << other.id
+            << " to id=" << other.id + 9 << ")" << std::endl;
+  this->id=other.id + 9;
+#ifdef HAS_RESOURCE_POINTER
+  this->resource = other.resource;
+#endif
+}
+
+LifeCycleProbe& LifeCycleProbe::operator=(const LifeCycleProbe& other){
+  std::cout << "assignment (old id=" << this->id
+            << " source id=" << other.id 
+            << " new id=" << other.id + 11 << ")" << std::endl;
+  this->id = other.id + 11;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+LifeCycleProbe::~LifeCycleProbe(){
+  std::cout << "dtor id=" << id << std::endl;
+#ifdef HAS_RESOURCE_POINTER
+  std::cout << "deleting resource" << *resource << std::endl;
+  delete resource;
+#endif
+}
+
+void LifeCycleProbe::printID(){
+  std::cout << "printID() id=" << id << std::endl;
+}
+
+
--- a/10_PITF/doubleDelete/LifeCycleProbe.hpp
+++ b/10_PITF/doubleDelete/LifeCycleProbe.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//  LifeCycleProbe.hpp
+//  DoubleDelete
+
+#ifndef LifeCycleProbe_hpp
+#define LifeCycleProbe_hpp
+
+//#define HAS_RESOURCE_POINTER
+
+class LifeCycleProbe {
+  int id;
+#ifdef HAS_RESOURCE_POINTER
+  int *resource;
+#endif
+public:
+  LifeCycleProbe();
+  LifeCycleProbe(int id);
+  LifeCycleProbe(const LifeCycleProbe&);
+  LifeCycleProbe& operator=(const LifeCycleProbe&);
+  ~LifeCycleProbe();
+  void printID();
+};
+
+#endif 
--- a/10_PITF/doubleDelete/main.cpp
+++ b/10_PITF/doubleDelete/main.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//  main.cpp
+//  DoubleDelete
+
+
+#include "LifeCycleProbe.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
+
+void callByPointer(LifeCycleProbe* p){
+  p->printID();
+}
+
+void callByReference(LifeCycleProbe& r){
+  r.printID();
+}
+
+void callByValue(LifeCycleProbe v){
+  v.printID();
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+
+  LifeCycleProbe probe(1000);
+  
+  std::cout << "three invocations ===========" << std::endl;
+  callByPointer(&probe);
+  callByReference(probe);
+  callByValue(probe);
+  
+  {
+    std::cout << "assigment ===========" << std::endl;
+    LifeCycleProbe blockProbe(2000);
+    blockProbe = probe;
+    blockProbe.printID();
+  }
+  
+  std::cout << "The End. ===========" << std::endl;
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/10_PITF/main_objectSlicing.cpp
+++ b/10_PITF/main_objectSlicing.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+//  main.cpp
+//  objectSlicing
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+class Base{
+  int _a;
+public:
+  Base(){}
+  virtual ~Base() {}
+  Base(int aa) :_a(aa) {}
+  int value_a();
+  virtual int value_virtual();
+};
+
+int Base::value_a(){
+  return _a;
+}
+
+int Base::value_virtual(){
+  return _a;
+}
+
+class Derived : public Base {
+  int _b;
+public:
+  Derived(int x, int y) : Base(x), _b(y) {}
+  virtual int value_virtual();
+};
+
+int Derived::value_virtual(){
+  return _b;
+}
+
+void passByPointer(Base* bp){
+  std::cout << "->value_a()        = " << bp->value_a() << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "->value_virtual()  = " << bp->value_virtual() << std::endl;
+}
+
+void passByValue(Base b){
+  std::cout << ".value_a()        = " << b.value_a() << std::endl;
+  std::cout << ".value_virtual()  = " << b.value_virtual() << std::endl;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  Derived d(1,2);
+  
+  std::cout << "d.value_virtual() = " << d.value_virtual() << std::endl;
+
+  std::cout << std::endl << "pass pointer to base class " << std::endl;
+  passByPointer(&d); // pass pointer to base class
+
+  std::cout << std::endl << "pass by value (i.e. object of class Base) " << std::endl;
+  passByValue(d);  // pass Base-object by value -> object slicing: d is "transformed" int an object of class Base
+  
+  std::cout << std::endl << "store Derived objects in std::vector<Base>" << std::endl;
+  std::vector<Base> v;
+  v.push_back(d); // object slicing
+  std::cout << ".value_a()        = " << v[0].value_a() << std::endl;
+  std::cout << ".value_virtual()  = " << v[0].value_virtual() << std::endl;
+  
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+
--- a/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
+++ b/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
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+	archiveVersion = 1;
+	classes = {
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+	objects = {
+
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+/* Begin PBXNativeTarget section */
+		65413E8C1CEB65E5008BE849 /* CopyOnWrite */ = {
+			isa = PBXNativeTarget;
+			buildConfigurationList = 65413E941CEB65E5008BE849 /* Build configuration list for PBXNativeTarget "CopyOnWrite" */;
+			buildPhases = (
+				65413E891CEB65E5008BE849 /* Sources */,
+				65413E8A1CEB65E5008BE849 /* Frameworks */,
+				65413E8B1CEB65E5008BE849 /* CopyFiles */,
+			);
+			buildRules = (
+			);
+			dependencies = (
+			);
+			name = CopyOnWrite;
+			productName = CopyOnWrite;
+			productReference = 65413E8D1CEB65E5008BE849 /* CopyOnWrite */;
+			productType = "com.apple.product-type.tool";
+		};
+/* End PBXNativeTarget section */
+
+/* Begin PBXProject section */
+		65413E851CEB65E5008BE849 /* Project object */ = {
+			isa = PBXProject;
+			attributes = {
+				LastUpgradeCheck = 0620;
+				ORGANIZATIONNAME = HSEL;
+				TargetAttributes = {
+					65413E8C1CEB65E5008BE849 = {
+						CreatedOnToolsVersion = 6.2;
+					};
+				};
+			};
+			buildConfigurationList = 65413E881CEB65E5008BE849 /* Build configuration list for PBXProject "CopyOnWrite" */;
+			compatibilityVersion = "Xcode 3.2";
+			developmentRegion = English;
+			hasScannedForEncodings = 0;
+			knownRegions = (
+				en,
+			);
+			mainGroup = 65413E841CEB65E5008BE849;
+			productRefGroup = 65413E8E1CEB65E5008BE849 /* Products */;
+			projectDirPath = "";
+			projectRoot = "";
+			targets = (
+				65413E8C1CEB65E5008BE849 /* CopyOnWrite */,
+			);
+		};
+/* End PBXProject section */
+
+/* Begin PBXSourcesBuildPhase section */
+		65413E891CEB65E5008BE849 /* Sources */ = {
+			isa = PBXSourcesBuildPhase;
+			buildActionMask = 2147483647;
+			files = (
+				65413E911CEB65E5008BE849 /* main.cpp in Sources */,
+				65413E991CEB6612008BE849 /* OneByOneMatrix.cpp in Sources */,
+			);
+			runOnlyForDeploymentPostprocessing = 0;
+		};
+/* End PBXSourcesBuildPhase section */
+
+/* Begin XCBuildConfiguration section */
+		65413E921CEB65E5008BE849 /* Debug */ = {
+			isa = XCBuildConfiguration;
+			buildSettings = {
+				ALWAYS_SEARCH_USER_PATHS = NO;
+				CLANG_CXX_LANGUAGE_STANDARD = "gnu++0x";
+				CLANG_CXX_LIBRARY = "libc++";
+				CLANG_ENABLE_MODULES = YES;
+				CLANG_ENABLE_OBJC_ARC = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_BOOL_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_CONSTANT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_DIRECT_OBJC_ISA_USAGE = YES_ERROR;
+				CLANG_WARN_EMPTY_BODY = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_ENUM_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_INT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_OBJC_ROOT_CLASS = YES_ERROR;
+				CLANG_WARN_UNREACHABLE_CODE = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN__DUPLICATE_METHOD_MATCH = YES;
+				COPY_PHASE_STRIP = NO;
+				ENABLE_STRICT_OBJC_MSGSEND = YES;
+				GCC_C_LANGUAGE_STANDARD = gnu99;
+				GCC_DYNAMIC_NO_PIC = NO;
+				GCC_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL = 0;
+				GCC_PREPROCESSOR_DEFINITIONS = (
+					"DEBUG=1",
+					"$(inherited)",
+				);
+				GCC_SYMBOLS_PRIVATE_EXTERN = NO;
+				GCC_WARN_64_TO_32_BIT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_ABOUT_RETURN_TYPE = YES_ERROR;
+				GCC_WARN_UNDECLARED_SELECTOR = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_UNINITIALIZED_AUTOS = YES_AGGRESSIVE;
+				GCC_WARN_UNUSED_FUNCTION = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_UNUSED_VARIABLE = YES;
+				MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET = 10.9;
+				MTL_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO = YES;
+				ONLY_ACTIVE_ARCH = YES;
+				SDKROOT = macosx;
+			};
+			name = Debug;
+		};
+		65413E931CEB65E5008BE849 /* Release */ = {
+			isa = XCBuildConfiguration;
+			buildSettings = {
+				ALWAYS_SEARCH_USER_PATHS = NO;
+				CLANG_CXX_LANGUAGE_STANDARD = "gnu++0x";
+				CLANG_CXX_LIBRARY = "libc++";
+				CLANG_ENABLE_MODULES = YES;
+				CLANG_ENABLE_OBJC_ARC = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_BOOL_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_CONSTANT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_DIRECT_OBJC_ISA_USAGE = YES_ERROR;
+				CLANG_WARN_EMPTY_BODY = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_ENUM_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_INT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN_OBJC_ROOT_CLASS = YES_ERROR;
+				CLANG_WARN_UNREACHABLE_CODE = YES;
+				CLANG_WARN__DUPLICATE_METHOD_MATCH = YES;
+				COPY_PHASE_STRIP = NO;
+				DEBUG_INFORMATION_FORMAT = "dwarf-with-dsym";
+				ENABLE_NS_ASSERTIONS = NO;
+				ENABLE_STRICT_OBJC_MSGSEND = YES;
+				GCC_C_LANGUAGE_STANDARD = gnu99;
+				GCC_WARN_64_TO_32_BIT_CONVERSION = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_ABOUT_RETURN_TYPE = YES_ERROR;
+				GCC_WARN_UNDECLARED_SELECTOR = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_UNINITIALIZED_AUTOS = YES_AGGRESSIVE;
+				GCC_WARN_UNUSED_FUNCTION = YES;
+				GCC_WARN_UNUSED_VARIABLE = YES;
+				MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET = 10.9;
+				MTL_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO = NO;
+				SDKROOT = macosx;
+			};
+			name = Release;
+		};
+		65413E951CEB65E5008BE849 /* Debug */ = {
+			isa = XCBuildConfiguration;
+			buildSettings = {
+				PRODUCT_NAME = "$(TARGET_NAME)";
+			};
+			name = Debug;
+		};
+		65413E961CEB65E5008BE849 /* Release */ = {
+			isa = XCBuildConfiguration;
+			buildSettings = {
+				PRODUCT_NAME = "$(TARGET_NAME)";
+			};
+			name = Release;
+		};
+/* End XCBuildConfiguration section */
+
+/* Begin XCConfigurationList section */
+		65413E881CEB65E5008BE849 /* Build configuration list for PBXProject "CopyOnWrite" */ = {
+			isa = XCConfigurationList;
+			buildConfigurations = (
+				65413E921CEB65E5008BE849 /* Debug */,
+				65413E931CEB65E5008BE849 /* Release */,
+			);
+			defaultConfigurationIsVisible = 0;
+			defaultConfigurationName = Release;
+		};
+		65413E941CEB65E5008BE849 /* Build configuration list for PBXNativeTarget "CopyOnWrite" */ = {
+			isa = XCConfigurationList;
+			buildConfigurations = (
+				65413E951CEB65E5008BE849 /* Debug */,
+				65413E961CEB65E5008BE849 /* Release */,
+			);
+			defaultConfigurationIsVisible = 0;
+		};
+/* End XCConfigurationList section */
+	};
+	rootObject = 65413E851CEB65E5008BE849 /* Project object */;
+}
--- a/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/contents.xcworkspacedata
+++ b/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/contents.xcworkspacedata
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<Workspace
+   version = "1.0">
+   <FileRef
+      location = "self:CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj">
+   </FileRef>
+</Workspace>
--- a/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate
+++ b/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate
--- a/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/CopyOnWrite.xcscheme
+++ b/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/CopyOnWrite.xcscheme
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<Scheme
+   LastUpgradeVersion = "0620"
+   version = "1.3">
+   <BuildAction
+      parallelizeBuildables = "YES"
+      buildImplicitDependencies = "YES">
+      <BuildActionEntries>
+         <BuildActionEntry
+            buildForTesting = "YES"
+            buildForRunning = "YES"
+            buildForProfiling = "YES"
+            buildForArchiving = "YES"
+            buildForAnalyzing = "YES">
+            <BuildableReference
+               BuildableIdentifier = "primary"
+               BlueprintIdentifier = "65413E8C1CEB65E5008BE849"
+               BuildableName = "CopyOnWrite"
+               BlueprintName = "CopyOnWrite"
+               ReferencedContainer = "container:CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj">
+            </BuildableReference>
+         </BuildActionEntry>
+      </BuildActionEntries>
+   </BuildAction>
+   <TestAction
+      selectedDebuggerIdentifier = "Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.Debugger.LLDB"
+      selectedLauncherIdentifier = "Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.Launcher.LLDB"
+      shouldUseLaunchSchemeArgsEnv = "YES"
+      buildConfiguration = "Debug">
+      <Testables>
+      </Testables>
+      <MacroExpansion>
+         <BuildableReference
+            BuildableIdentifier = "primary"
+            BlueprintIdentifier = "65413E8C1CEB65E5008BE849"
+            BuildableName = "CopyOnWrite"
+            BlueprintName = "CopyOnWrite"
+            ReferencedContainer = "container:CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj">
+         </BuildableReference>
+      </MacroExpansion>
+   </TestAction>
+   <LaunchAction
+      selectedDebuggerIdentifier = "Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.Debugger.LLDB"
+      selectedLauncherIdentifier = "Xcode.DebuggerFoundation.Launcher.LLDB"
+      launchStyle = "0"
+      useCustomWorkingDirectory = "NO"
+      buildConfiguration = "Debug"
+      ignoresPersistentStateOnLaunch = "NO"
+      debugDocumentVersioning = "YES"
+      allowLocationSimulation = "YES">
+      <BuildableProductRunnable
+         runnableDebuggingMode = "0">
+         <BuildableReference
+            BuildableIdentifier = "primary"
+            BlueprintIdentifier = "65413E8C1CEB65E5008BE849"
+            BuildableName = "CopyOnWrite"
+            BlueprintName = "CopyOnWrite"
+            ReferencedContainer = "container:CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj">
+         </BuildableReference>
+      </BuildableProductRunnable>
+      <AdditionalOptions>
+      </AdditionalOptions>
+   </LaunchAction>
+   <ProfileAction
+      shouldUseLaunchSchemeArgsEnv = "YES"
+      savedToolIdentifier = ""
+      useCustomWorkingDirectory = "NO"
+      buildConfiguration = "Release"
+      debugDocumentVersioning = "YES">
+      <BuildableProductRunnable
+         runnableDebuggingMode = "0">
+         <BuildableReference
+            BuildableIdentifier = "primary"
+            BlueprintIdentifier = "65413E8C1CEB65E5008BE849"
+            BuildableName = "CopyOnWrite"
+            BlueprintName = "CopyOnWrite"
+            ReferencedContainer = "container:CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj">
+         </BuildableReference>
+      </BuildableProductRunnable>
+   </ProfileAction>
+   <AnalyzeAction
+      buildConfiguration = "Debug">
+   </AnalyzeAction>
+   <ArchiveAction
+      buildConfiguration = "Release"
+      revealArchiveInOrganizer = "YES">
+   </ArchiveAction>
+</Scheme>
--- a/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/xcschememanagement.plist
+++ b/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/xcschememanagement.plist
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>SchemeUserState</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>CopyOnWrite.xcscheme</key>
+		<dict>
+			<key>orderHint</key>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+		</dict>
+	</dict>
+	<key>SuppressBuildableAutocreation</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>65413E8C1CEB65E5008BE849</key>
+		<dict>
+			<key>primary</key>
+			<true/>
+		</dict>
+	</dict>
+</dict>
+</plist>
--- a/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite/OneByOneMatrix.cpp
+++ b/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite/OneByOneMatrix.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+//
+//  OneByOneMatrix.cpp
+//  CopyOnWrite
+//
+//  Created by clink on 17/05/16.
+//  Copyright (c) 2016 HSEL. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include "OneByOneMatrix.h"
+
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+int OneByOneMatrix::s_instanceCounter=0;
+
+
+OneByOneMatrix::OneByOneMatrix()
+: m_value(-1), m_referenceCounter(0)
+{
+  s_instanceCounter++;
+}
+
+OneByOneMatrix::OneByOneMatrix(int initialValue)
+: m_value(initialValue), m_referenceCounter(0)
+{
+  s_instanceCounter++;
+}
+
+OneByOneMatrix::OneByOneMatrix(const OneByOneMatrix& source)
+: m_value(source.m_value), m_referenceCounter(source.m_referenceCounter)
+{
+  s_instanceCounter++;
+}
+
+OneByOneMatrix::~OneByOneMatrix(){
+  s_instanceCounter--;
+}
+
+/*
+ int OneByOneMatrix::value(void) const {
+ return m_value;
+ }*/
+
+OneByOneMatrix OneByOneMatrix::operator+(const OneByOneMatrix & other){
+  return OneByOneMatrix(m_value + other.m_value);
+}
+
+OneByOneMatrix::operator int(){
+  return m_value;
+}
+
+OneByOneMatrix& OneByOneMatrix::operator ++(int i){
+  m_value++;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+bool OneByOneMatrix::operator==(const OneByOneMatrix& other){
+  return this->m_value == other.m_value;
+}
+
+bool OneByOneMatrix::operator!=(const OneByOneMatrix& other){
+  return !(*this==other);
+}
+
+
+
+bool OneByOneMatrix::instanceCountExceeds(int max)
+{
+  bool retval = s_instanceCounter>max;
+  if (retval){
+    std::cout << OneByOneMatrix::s_instanceCounter << " >  max=" << max << std::endl;
+  }
+  return retval;
+}
+
+
--- a/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite/OneByOneMatrix.h
+++ b/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite/OneByOneMatrix.h
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//
+//  OneByOneMatrix.h
+//  CopyOnWrite
+//
+//  Created by clink on 17/05/16.
+//  Copyright (c) 2016 HSEL. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#ifndef __CopyOnWrite__OneByOneMatrix__
+#define __CopyOnWrite__OneByOneMatrix__
+
+
+class OneByOneMatrix {
+  
+  int m_value;
+  
+  int m_referenceCounter;         // refcounting
+  static int s_instanceCounter;   // assertions
+public:
+  OneByOneMatrix();
+  explicit OneByOneMatrix(int initialValue);
+  OneByOneMatrix(const OneByOneMatrix&);
+  ~OneByOneMatrix();
+  
+  explicit operator int();
+  OneByOneMatrix operator+(const OneByOneMatrix & other);
+  OneByOneMatrix& operator ++(int);
+  bool operator==(const OneByOneMatrix& other);
+  bool operator!=(const OneByOneMatrix& other);
+  
+  friend class OneByOneMatrix_CopyOnWrite;
+  static bool instanceCountExceeds(int max);  // assertions
+};
+
+// imagine this class as an abstraction for very large matrices
+
+class LargeCowMatrix {
+  
+};
+
+
+#endif /* defined(__CopyOnWrite__OneByOneMatrix__) */
--- a/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite/main.cpp
+++ b/11_PUTT/CopyOnWrite/CopyOnWrite/main.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//
+//  main.cpp
+//  leistungstestatSurrogat
+//
+//  Created by clink on 11/12/14.
+//  Copyright (c) 2014 HSEL. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+
+#include "OneByOneMatrix.h"
+
+int failCounter=0;
+
+typedef int NumberType;
+//typedef OneByOneMatrix NumberType;
+//typedef LargeCowMatrix NumberType;
+
+
+void simpleTests(){
+  NumberType i1(1);
+  NumberType i2(2);
+  NumberType i3=i1+i2;
+  
+  if (i3!=NumberType(3)){
+    failCounter++;
+    std::cout << "fail!" << std::endl;
+  }
+  
+  i3++;
+  if (i3!=NumberType(4)){
+    failCounter++;
+    std::cout << "fail!" << std::endl;
+  }
+  
+  i3=i1;
+  if (i3!=NumberType(1)){
+    failCounter++;
+    std::cout << "fail!" << std::endl;
+  }
+  
+  if (OneByOneMatrix::instanceCountExceeds(3)){
+    failCounter++;
+  }
+}
+
+void arrayTests(){
+  {
+    const int BUFSIZE=1000;
+    NumberType singletonValue(4711);
+    NumberType numbers[BUFSIZE];
+    bool didFail=false;
+    
+    for(int i=0; i<BUFSIZE;i++){
+      numbers[i] = singletonValue;
+    }
+    
+    for(int i=0; i<BUFSIZE;i++){
+      if((int)numbers[i] != (int)singletonValue){
+        didFail |= true;
+      }
+    }
+    
+    if(didFail) {
+      failCounter++;
+    }
+  }
+  if (OneByOneMatrix::instanceCountExceeds(1)){
+    failCounter++;
+  }
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  
+  simpleTests();
+  arrayTests();
+  
+  if (OneByOneMatrix::instanceCountExceeds(0)){
+    failCounter++;
+  }
+  std::cout << failCounter << " failures" << std::endl;
+  
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/helpers/AnsiConsole.cpp
+++ b/helpers/AnsiConsole.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+
+#include "AnsiConsole.h"
+
+/*
+ see
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
+ https://gist.github.com/vratiu/9780109
+ https://gist.github.com/RobinMalfait/7881398
+ */
+
+AnsiConsole ansiConsole;
+
+
+AnsiConsole::AnsiConsole(){
+  pushCursorPos();
+  hideCursor();
+  //clearScreen();
+}
+
+AnsiConsole::~AnsiConsole(){
+  popCursorPos();
+  showCursor();
+}
+
+
+void AnsiConsole::hideCursor(){
+  std::cout << "\033[?25l";
+}
+
+void AnsiConsole::showCursor(){
+  std::cout << "\033[?25h";
+}
+
+void AnsiConsole::pushCursorPos(){
+  std::cout << "\033[s";
+}
+
+void AnsiConsole::popCursorPos(){
+    std::cout << "\033[u";
+}
+
+
+
+void AnsiConsole::clearScreen(){
+//  std::cout << "\033[0J";
+    std::cout << "\033[2J";
+}
+
+
+void AnsiConsole::printText(int x, int y, std::string text, Colors color){
+  std::cout << "\033[" << y << ";" << x <<  "f"; // move cursor to x,y
+  std::cout << "\033[0;" << static_cast<int>(color) << "m"; //  blue 
+  std::cout << text;
+  std::cout << "\033[0m\n"; // reset attributes 
+}
+
+
+
--- a/helpers/AnsiConsole.h
+++ b/helpers/AnsiConsole.h
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+enum class Colors {
+  BLACK   = 30,
+  RED     = 31,
+  GREEN   = 32,
+  YELLOW  = 33,
+  BLUE    = 34,
+  MAGENTA = 35,
+  CYAN    = 36, 
+  WHITE   = 37
+};
+
+class AnsiConsole {
+  // protected:
+  // can only be used by members of AnsiConsole and its 
+  // derived classes
+protected:            
+  void hideCursor();
+  void showCursor();
+  void pushCursorPos();
+  void popCursorPos();
+  
+public:
+  AnsiConsole();
+  ~AnsiConsole();
+  void clearScreen();
+  void printText(int x, int y, std::string text, Colors color=Colors::BLUE);
+};
+
+extern AnsiConsole ansiConsole;
+
+
--- a/helpers/println.hpp
+++ b/helpers/println.hpp
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+//
+//  println.hpp
+//  printline
+
+
+
+#ifndef println_hpp
+#define println_hpp
+
+/*
+ based on: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16084379/system-out-println-function-syntax-in-c/16085135#16085135
+ initial Author: http://stackoverflow.com/users/264338/mkaes
+ */
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <sstream>
+using namespace std;
+
+/*
+template <typename T>
+void printer(T t)
+{
+  std::cout << t << std::endl;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename ...U>
+void printer(T t, U ...u)
+{
+  std::cout << t;
+  printer(u...);
+}*/
+
+//namespace std {
+  //string to_string(const string s);
+  //string to_string(const char* s);
+  
+  /*
+  inline string to_string(const string s){
+    return s;
+  }
+  
+  inline string to_string(const char* s){
+    return string(s);
+  }*/
+
+//}
+
+
+
+/*
+void println(T t)
+{
+  std::cout << std::to_string(t) << std::endl;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename ...U>
+void println(T t, U ...u)
+{
+  std::cout << std::to_string(t);
+  println(u...);
+}
+*/
+
+
+//namespace {
+
+// from: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16605967/set-precision-of-stdto-string-when-converting-floating-point-values
+template <typename T>
+std::string to_string_with_precision(const T a_value, const int n = 6)
+{
+  std::ostringstream out;
+  out << std::setprecision(n) << std::scientific << a_value;
+  return out.str();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+std::string as_string(T t){
+  using namespace std;
+  return to_string_with_precision(t);
+  //return to_string(t);
+}
+
+
+template <>
+  std::string as_string<const char *>(const char * s){
+  return std::string(s);
+}
+
+template <>
+std::string as_string<std::string>(std::string s){
+  return s;
+}
+//}
+
+template <typename T>
+void println(T t)
+{
+  std::cout << as_string(t) << std::endl;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename ...U>
+void println(T t, U ...u)
+{
+  std::cout << as_string(t);
+  println(u...);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void print(T t)
+{
+  std::cout << as_string(t);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename ...U>
+void print(T t, U ...u)
+{
+  std::cout << as_string(t);
+  print(u...);
+}
+
+
+
+#endif /* println_hpp */
--- a/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
+++ b/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
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--- a/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/contents.xcworkspacedata
+++ b/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/contents.xcworkspacedata
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<Workspace
+   version = "1.0">
+   <FileRef
+      location = "self:02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj">
+   </FileRef>
+</Workspace>
--- a/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate
+++ b/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate
--- a/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/02_MENT_gg.xcscheme
+++ b/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/02_MENT_gg.xcscheme
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
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+            buildForAnalyzing = "YES">
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+      debugDocumentVersioning = "YES"
+      debugServiceExtension = "internal"
+      allowLocationSimulation = "YES">
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+      revealArchiveInOrganizer = "YES">
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--- a/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/xcschememanagement.plist
+++ b/xcode_projects/02_MENT_gg/02_MENT_gg.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/xcschememanagement.plist
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
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--- a/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
+++ b/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
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--- a/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/contents.xcworkspacedata
+++ b/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/contents.xcworkspacedata
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<Workspace
+   version = "1.0">
+   <FileRef
+      location = "self:limits2.xcodeproj">
+   </FileRef>
+</Workspace>
--- a/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate
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+++ b/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/limits2.xcscheme
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--- a/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/xcschememanagement.plist
+++ b/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/clink.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/xcschememanagement.plist
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--- a/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2/main.cpp
+++ b/xcode_projects/limits2/limits2/main.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//  main.cpp
+//  limits2
+
+
+
+#include "../../../helpers/println.hpp"
+#include <limits>
+
+
+int main()
+{
+  println("type\t sizeof\t\t lowest\t\t\t\t highest\n");
+  println("float \t ",sizeof(float), "\t\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest(), "\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<float>::max());
+  println("double\t ",sizeof(double), "\t\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest(), "\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<double>::max());
+  println("int   \t ",sizeof(int), "\t\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<int>::lowest(), "\t\t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
+  println("long  \t ",sizeof(long), " \t\t",
+          std::numeric_limits<long>::lowest(), '\t',
+          std::numeric_limits<long>::max());
+  
+  }